LODGE. 397 LODGING-HOUSES. He was reelected in 1888, and in 1893 succeeded Mr. Dawes as United States Senator from Mas- sachusetts. He was reelected in 1899. As a politician he early became prominent for his insistence upon laws to safeguard the franchise and upon the necessity for the restriction of immi- gration by the requirement of educational qualifi- cations. During the Spanish-American War he strongly supported the Administration. He be- came a member of the Committee on Foreign Eelations. From his pen we have a Short }lis- tory of the Enf/lish Colonies in America (1881) ; Studies in History (1884); Certain Accepted Heroes (1897) ; The Story of the American Revo- lution (1898) ; and The War with Spain (1900). He also published the Life and Letters of George Cabot (1877) and a volume of Essays on Anglo- Saxon Land Laics, and edited the works of Alex- ander Hamilton (1885). The "American States- men Series" owes to him the lives of Hamilton, Webster, and Washington. LODGE, Sir Olivee Joseph (1851—). An English physicist. He was born .June 12, 1851, at Eenkhull, Staffordshire. At the completion of his grammar school education he at first entered upon business life, but by studying evenings he was able to matriculate and pursue courses at the University College, London, where he received the degree of B.Sc, taking honors in physics. After further study in Prof. Carey Foster's laboratory, he received the degree of D.Sc. and became as- sistant professor of physics at the University College, London. Upon the establishment of the University College at Liverpool, Lodge was appointed professor of physics (1881), and was connected with that institution until 1900. when he became principal of the University of Bir- mingham. He was knighted in 1902. Pro- fessor Lodge's researches have been mainly in electricity, and he has carefully investi- gated many subjects connected with alternating currents, lightning discharges, and the physics of the ether. In the course of his experi- ments with lightning conductors he was able to discover oscillations and waves in conductors, and as he was seeking to demonstrate Maxwell's theoretical observations, it is more than prob- able that he would have observed these waves in air if he had not been anticipated by Hertz (q.v. ). However, he discovered that these waves would cause filings of metals to cohere or alter their arrangement and electrical resistance, and was thus able to construct the co/ierer, which plays so important a part in wireless telegraphy (q.v.). This invention was also made inde- pendently by Edouard Braniy, of Paris, but Lodge's work in this field was followed by other discoveries which brought about substantial ad- vances in wireless telegraphy. His researches on lightning led to the revision of many ideas which have long been held on this subject, and his work on Lightning Conductors and Lightning Guards is considered one of the most valuable works in this department. He has written many papers on physics and electricity, and is the author of the following books: Elementary Mechanics (1877); Modern Views of Electricity (1889); Lightning Conductors and Guards (1892); Pioneers of Science (1893); and The Work of Hertz and Bis Successors. LODGE, Thojias (c.1558-1625). An English author, born in or near London ; graduated B.A. from Trinity College, Oxford (1577); admitted as law student at Lincoln's Inn (1578); after some experience in the army, made voyages to the Canaries (1588) and to South America (1591) ; studied medicine, it is said, at Avignon (IGOO), and was incorporated M.D. at Oxford (1G02). He died in Old Fish Street, London. His chief writings comprise: .1 Defence of Playf (1.580), a sharp retort to Stephen Gosson's School of Abuse: An Alarum Against Vsiircrs (1584); two plays, The Wounds of Civil War (1594), and, in conjunction with Robert Greene, A Looking Glass for London and England (1594); several romances, among which are Rosalynde (1590) and Life of William Long- beard (1593); translation.s of Josephus (1C02) and of Seneca (1C14) : Glaucus and Scilla (1.589, in a volume entitled Seillces Metamorphosis), probably the model of Shakespeare's Venus and Adonis; A Fig for MoAius, a collection of satires, epistles, and eclogues (1505) ; and a choice vol- ume of poems called Phillis (1593). Lodge was one of the most graceful Ij'rieists of the Eliza- bethan period. His Rosalynde, a beautiful pas- toral, interspersed with some of his best verse, was dramatized with changes and additions by Shakespeare in As You Like It. Consult Works, all but translations, edited bj- Gosse for the Hunterian Club, Glasgow (4 "vols., 1878-82); .Tusserand. English Xovel in the Time of Shake- speare (Paris, 1890). LODGED (from lodge, OF., Fr. loger, to house, from loge. lodge, from ML. labia, labium, laubia, portico; ultimately connected with Eng. lobby). In heraldry, a term applied to a beast of chase, as a stag, when lying down with its head erect; a beast of prey in the same position is said to be couchant. See Her.vldry. LODGING-HOUSES. Houses which provide shelter for homeless people. The rapid and con- tinuous increase of the floating population in large cities, due to the steady drift of low-grade labor to the cities, has accentuated the problem of lodging-houses as distinguished from the tene- ment problem. This undomiciled population is a fruitful cause of disorder. At first America attempted to solve the problem by allowing the homeless to find shelter in the police stations. The buildings were ill-adapted for the purpose, decent sanitary conditions usually impossible, and the general situation so demoralizing to the self-respecting laborer that the practice is now forbidden in most cities. Various rescue mis- sions have conducted houses, often furnishing a free breakfast in addition to the night's lodging. In all the large cities there are many jjlaces where lodging and breakfast caii be had for a pittance; but these places are run for gain, and conditions are often very bad. Xew York has some 105 such houses, with beds to accommodate 10.000. There is a general sentiment that decent ac- commodations should be furnished the homeless, and in most cities efforts are being made to sub- stitute sanitary houses for the filthy accommoda- tions now so "common. The most striking ex- amples in this country of model lodging-houses are the two Mills hotels, in lower Xew York Citv. conducted by D. O. Mills. They accom- modate 2250 men. Each lodger has a private room at a cost of twenty or forty cents per night, with the privilege of free baths and use of laun-
