LOG. 403 LOGAN. motion smooth and regular and adds to the ac- cnraey of the iiistrunieiit. The thn* dials usual- ly fitted on the register reeord tenths of miles, miles, and tens of miles ; thus if the dials show G — 4 — 8, the reading of the register is 04. 8 miles. By reading the log at intervals the s])ced may be ascertained; the reading is usually recorded every hour in the ship's log-book (q-V.). NEGT78 I'.TKNT LOG. The log ami line for determining the speed of shii>s is of eonii)arativoly recent luigin. I'urchas refers to it in l(i07, but it was certainly not common before H>iO. Xo record is to be fovmd in any ancient writings of the means used by old navigators to estimate the si)eed of their ships. Bourne, writing in 1.577, describes a design for a machine to record the speed of ships not unlike ^lassey's submerged log, which later had the rotator or pro|)eller directly connected to the dial and the wliole submerged and secured to a brace or trailing lines; it had to be hauled on board to read it, and this was .a fatal defect, which soon caused it to be displaced by the taff- rail log — indeed, it was never nnicli used. TafT- rail logs came into general use about 1875. On large steamers the revolutions of the propeller give a fairly accurate measurement of the dis- tance passed over and of the speed ; and if the weather is fair and sea not too rough the meas- lirement is as accurate as that of any form of log, provided the corresponding speeds for various conditions of draught, trim, etc.. have been deter- mined. The dillicilty of preparing tables in which the recjuisite information is cmlmdied is usually such that the log is almost always used, the revolutions (if the engine being recorded as a check on it in case it gets out of order or be- comes fouled with seawee<l. In shallow waters when the currents are swift and variable a ground-lofi is used. In this case a light lead or other weight is hitched to the log-line instead of the chip. This sinks to the bottom and the speed of the vessel over the ground is ascertained instead of her speed through the water, and some idea of the direction she is making over the ground is also thus ob- t;".ined. LO'GAIT. A village and the county-seat of Hocking County, O.. nO miles southeast of Colum- bus : on the Hocking River, and on the Columbusi, Hocking Valley and Toledo Kailroad (^lap: Oliio. F 6). It is the centre of an extensive nat- ural-gas field, and has foundries and machine- shops, flour-mills, furniture-factories. ,a pottery, and fire-proof and paving brick plants. The pub- lic library contains over 2000 volumes. There are municipal water-works. Population, in 1890, 3119; in 1900, 3480. LOGAN. A city and the county-scat of Caclu- County, I'tah, 00 miles north of Ogden ; on Logan Kiver, and on the Oregon Short Line Hail- road (Map: Utah, B 1). It is the seat of the State Agricultural College, Brighani Young Col- lege (Latter Day Saints), opened in 187S, and New Jersey Academy (Presbyterian). The in- dustrial establishments include saw-mills, a lieet- sugar factory, brewery, and knitting-mills. Set- tled in 1859, Logan was incorporated in 18(11! under an act of the Terriliirial I.egislatuie, and is governed under a general act of 1898, providing for the government of cities in the State. The Mayor is biennially elected and has some ap- pointive power, subject to the consent of the council, which is a unicameral body. The city owns and operates the water-works. Popiilation, in 1890, 4.'>05; in 1900, 54.51. LOGAN, or LOGGAN. See Rocking Stone. LOGAN, Benjamin- (1752-1802). An Ameri- can iiioneer and Indian tighter. He was born of Irish ]iarentage in Augusta (!ounty, Va., but at an early age crossed the Alleghanies and settled in Kentucky. There he was associated with Boone. Kenton, and others in almost constant Indian warfare, took jiart as a scout in Liuil Dunmore's War (q.v.), and in the fighting be- tween the frontiersmen and the British and In- dians during the Revolution. In 1775 he built near Stanford, Kr., the stockade known as 'Logan's Fort,' which was liesieged by the Indians in 1777, on which occasion he, with one com- panion, broke through the Indian lines and reached Holston, 150 miles away, where rein- forcements were obtained. He took part in Colonel Bowman's expedition against the Shaw- nees at Chillicothe, and commanded the force sent in pursuit of Girty and his Indian allies. It was the |)recipitate haste of his advance guard that led to the bloody defeat at Blue Licks, Logan himself with the main body arriving on the scene the day after the battle. He was a mem- ber of the Kentucky Constitutional Conventions of 1790 and 1799, and served for several terms in the State Legislature. LOGAN, CoRNELUi,S AMIiKOSTUS (1806-5.'?). An American dramatist, born in Baltimore. After sailing as supercargo on several trips to England he became an editor of the Baltimcu'e Mnriiiiirt Chronicle, and later an actor and dramatist, lie appeared preferably in comedy, but also in tra- gedy, built at Phiiadelphia a theatre, later lost by fire, and in 1840 liecame a theatrical manager at Cincinnati. Among his plays are Yankee Land (1834), Tlic H>i/ of Maine (1835). and The Wood Dealer. His poem "The Mississippi" was at one time well known. LOGAN, Oeoroe (17.53-1821). An American scientist and politician, born of Quaker parent- age at Slenton, Pa. He stiidicd medicine at Edinburgh for three years, and then traveled on the Continent, returning to America in 1780. He did not take up the practice of his profession, but devoted himself to literature and public in- terests and to applying scientific methods in agri- culture. Upon the formation of political par- ties he allied himself with .Jefferson and the Republicans against the Federalists. He served several terms in the State Legislature, and was
