LOLLARD. 417 LOMBARD. to the reliffious and econoinio views advocated by Jolm Wiclif (q.v.) The nucleus of the Lollards was a body known as the 'Poor Priests,' called to^'ether by Wiclif to preach a simple gospel in the smaller villages of Central England and to <'Oiinteract the influence of the begging friars. Oxfnrd was the central point whence they went forth and whither they returned. The Lollards were at one time very numerous, and were to be found among all classes of the population. The c:iminations of those who were arrested or pun- ished as heretics after Wiclit's death in 1384 indicated their common doctrinal position. With minor differences, they agreed in condemning the use of images in the churches, pilgrimages to the tombs of the saints, the temporal lordship of the clergj'. Papal authority in administration, eccle- siastical decorations, the ceremony of the mass, the doctrine of transubstantiation, the waging of w'ar, and the infliction of capital punishment. Lollardism was by no means confined to the southern portion of the British Islands, but pene- trated into Scotland, where it received the an- cient traditions of the Culdees (q.v.). In the year 1494 Archbishop Blacader caused twenty persons to be sununoned before the King (James IV.) and the great council, and indictments were found on substantially the same grounds as in England, with the additions that masses cannot profit the dead and that priests may lawfully marry. Certain of the Lollards, both in England and Scotland, developed economic theories of a socialistic nature, and this had much to do Avith their persecution and downfall. Consult: Stulibs, Constifiitional Bislory of England, vol. iii. (5th ed., O.xford, 1895) : Creighton. History of the Pupacii, vol. ii. (London, 1882) ; and the works mentioned in the article on John Wiclif. LOLOS, lo'loz. or Ne.sus. A people living in large numbers in the northeast of Yun-nan, the west of Sze-chuen, etc., in Southwestern China, probably the aborigines of this portion of the Ce- lestial Empire. They are the 'savages' whom the Chinese found in their conquest of this part of the country, and Yun-nan is still the least Chinese province of all. The Lolos, together with the Wiaotse and cognate peoples of China, Farther India, and Tibet, represented an old, pre-Chinese population, which was formerly considered typi- cally Jlongolian or Turanian,' but this view is now considered inaccurate. Physically they are de- scribed as somewhat slenderly built, with brown- i.=h rather than yellow skin, and features recalling the Caucasian rather than the Mongolian. Some have compared them to the fairer Gyp.sy t.^TJe. Tlieir eyes do not seem to pos.sess the 'Mongolian droop.' Same of the Lolo women present the type in a delicate and rather graceful form. Some ethnologists see in the Lolos what they term a 'sub-Caucasian' strain of blood ; others would term them proto-white or pre-Caucasian. The Lolos are said to be good miners and metal- smiths. With them woman has a comparatively high position, and some of the more independent tribes have even had female chiefs. They seem to be of a merry temperament, and have nu- merous dances and songs. According to some au- thorities, the language of the Lolos is related to the Thai stock of Farther India. Some of them possess a mode of writing of the hiero- glyphic order, while others are said to have adopted a Tibetan form. Consult: Gamier, Voy- age en Indo-Chin" (Paris. 187.3) ; Colquhoun, Across Chrysc (London. 188.3) ; Pourne, Journey in Honthirest Chinu (London, 1888). LOM'AX, LIXD.SAY Lux.sFORD (1835—). An American soldier. lie was born at Newport, R. I., and after graduatit)n from the United States Jlilitary Academy was assigned to the Second Cavalrj-. He resigned from the United States Army to become captain in the Virginia State foreesj and served throughout the Civil W'ar, obtaining the rank of major-general in 1864, and discharging creditably several impor- tant cavalry assignments. He served in all the battles of the Army of Xorthern Virginia in the Valley District, and after the fall of Richmond .surrendered with Gen. Joseph E. Johnston at Greensboro, X. C. LOM'BARD. A name formerly employed in England to designate a banker or money-iender. The great bankers of the Jliddle Ages were Italian merchants who came principally from the cities of Lombardy, and settled in London, Paris, and other large cities of Xorthern Europe. Lom- bard Street in London became a great financial centre, and finally the name Lnmhnrd meant money-lender and usurer. See P.wXBKOKiNa. LOMBARD, lom'bart. .Joiiaxn Wiliielm ( 1707-1812 I . . Prussian Minister of State, born in Berlin of a Huguenot family. He was .secre- tary of the Cabinet in 1780, and was sent on an important mission with Count Lusi in 1790. .fter the death of Frederick William II. Lom- bard lost power, but in ISOO he was restored to favor, and from that time on was foremost in the defense of the royal policy of friendly neu- trality to France. In 1803 he met Napoleon near Brussels. The ill success of his policy increased the natural opposition to it. and most of the blame came to Lombard. Imprisoned by order of the Queen on the charge of treacherous corre- spondence with France, he was set at liberty by the King and rewarded with the post of secretary of the .cademy. Besides a history of the Prus- si;in campaign of 1787 in the Netherlands ( 1790) , Lombard wrote, in defense of his foreign policy, Matcriaux pour servir a I'histoire des annees ISO,-,, ISOG. 1S(J7 (1808). LOM'BARD, Lambert ( 1505[C?]-OG). A Flemish painter, erroneously called Suavis, Sus- termann, and Sustris. He was born at Lifge, studied under Arnold de Beer and ilabu.se. and in Home, whither he accompanied Cardinal Pole in 1538, became the pupil of Andrea del Sarto. The works of Raphael and Titian, and especially of Bandinelli and Mantegna, made a lasting impres- sion upon him, and on his return to LiSge he opened a school which was largely attended, and through whose agency his style was further dif- fused in the Netherlands. Among his pui>ils were Frans Floris. Hubert Goltzius, Willem Key, and others of equal reputation. His pictures are now very rare and difficult to identify. One of his piin- eipal works is the "Martyrdom of Saint Bar- bara," in Saint Bartholomew's at Lifege. Others attributed to him arc: a "Descent from the Cross." in the Xational Gallery, London; "Last Supper" (1531), and "The Scourges of the .lmighty." both in the Brussels Museum: a "JIadonna" in the Berlin iluseum. and ".doration of the Shep- herds" in the Vienna Museum. He was proficient also in architecture, numismatics, nrchirologj', and poetry.
