LOUBET. 470 LOUIS II. was chosen president of that body in 1806 and again iu IS'JS. On February 10, 1809, occurred the sudden death of President Felix Faure, and two days later the National Assembly, compris- ing both Houses of Parliament, met in joint session and on the first ballot chose ^I. Loubet as President of the Republic. His Presidency strejigthcned the Republic, and became marked by an almost total disappearance of the ilon- archists as a party. LOUDON, lou'don, Gideon Ernst. An Aus- trian j;i'iicral. See LaudON. LOUDON, lou'don, John Cl^vudius (1783- 184a). A Scotch botanist, born at Cambuslang, Lanarkshire. He got his education in Edin- burgh, and in 1803 went to London as a land- scape gardener. In ISOG he was elected to the Linntean Society, and three j'ears later he rented a large farm in Oxfoidshire; but the invest- ments, although at lirst remunerative, failed, and an accident to his right arm six j'ears later at length (1825) required its amputation. In 1820- he first published the Gardener's Magazine, and in 1S2S began the Magazine of Xalural History. His great work, the Arboretum et Fruticetum lirilannicuin, issued in monthly parts, was a financial failure, and lie was forced to take up his old trade of landsca])e gardener, in which he had great success. He established and edited the Architectural Magazine, to which John Rus- kin contributed. Amcmg his writings are: Ob- servations on Laying Out Public /Squares ( 1803) ; An Immediate and Effective Mode of Raising the Rental of the Landed Property of England (1808) ; the Encyclopwdia of Gardening (1822) ; the Encyclopa'did of Agriculture (1825); and the Encyclopwdia of Plants (1829). The genus Loudonia was named after him. LOUDOUN, lou'don, John Campbell, fourth Earl of (1705-82). A British soldier, the only son of Hugh, third Earl of Tjoudoun. He suc- ceeded his father in 1731. and from 1734 was a representative peer of Scotland. He entered the army in 1727, and took an active part on the side of the Government in the rebellion of 1745. In March, 1750, he was sent out to command all the British forces in America. From Albany he issued orders for a much reprobated embargo on all outgoing vessels in order to conceal a pro- posed attack on Louisburg. He then sailed from New York to Halifax, where he collected an army of 10,000 English and colonial troops, and a large fleet; but hearing that the French fleet numbered one more vessel than his own, he lingered for a time in Nova Scotia, and then re- turned to New York without striking a blow. Upon the entry of Pitt to power. Loudoun was recalled, and General Amherst was appointed to his place. In 1702 Loudoun was sent as second in command with the English expedition to Portugal. LOUGHBOKOUGH, liif1iur-f.. A manufac- turing and market town in Leicestershire. Eng- land. 12 miles northwest of Leicester and the sec- ond place of importance in the county (Map: England, E 4). Its chief buildings are the re- stored parish church dating from the fourteenth century, the building of the richly endowed gram- mar school, founded in 1405. and the town hall and corn exchange. It is the railway centre of a rich agricultural district and has a fine market place. The town has undergone much modern im- provement, and owns its water, gas. and electric lighting, parks, markets, cemeteries, allotment gardens and charities. The town utilizes its waste ; it burns the garbage in special destructors which generate steam for the pumps of the sewage works, the sewage being utilized on farms. The town also supports a free library, provides tech- nical instruction in arts and sciences, and with its numerous endowed schools has exceptional educational a<lvantages. Hosiery and lace are its principal manufactures ; it has iron foundric:^. and a bell foundry whence came the great bell (17'j tons) of Saint Paul's, London. There are aUo machine shops, electrical works, etc. Lough- borough dates from before the Norman Conquest, and the town and manor were bestowed upon Hugh Lupus by William I. It is mentioned in Domesday Book as Lucteburne. Population, in 1891, 18,100; in 1901,21,500. LOUIS I., loo'Is or loo'i; Fr. pron. loo'e', the Piois (called by the French le Debonnaire, i.e. 'tender-hearted to the point of weakness') (778- 840). Roman Emperor and King of the Franks from 814 to 840; youngest sou of Charles the Great. His elder brothers having died, he suc- ceeded his father in 814. Although not desti- tvite of ability, his lack of energy and de- cision finally resulted in the dissolution of the Empire of Charles the Great. In 817 he ap- portioned the empire among his three sons. Lothair, Pepin, and Louis, to take effect after •his death, but he had Lothair crowned as Em- peror. The others were dissatisfied, while Ber- nard, a nephew of Louis, who had been made King of Italy by Charles the Great, finding him- self threatened by the new arrangement, revolted. The Emperor, getting Bernard into his power, put out his eyes, Bernard dying soon after as a result of his mutilation. In his remorse the Emperor did public penance and wished to enter a monastery, but yielded to the importunity of his advisers and in 810 married a second wife, .Judith of Bavaria, who in 823 bore him a son, known in history as Charles the Bald. In 829, in the interest of this son, he proposed a new divi- sion of the Empire; but to this tue elder sons, Lothair. Lonis, and Pepin, objected, and the result was a state of disorder which lasted during the remainder of the Emperor's life. Twice was the father taken prisoner, and deposed by his sons (in 830 and. in 833, on the famous Field of Lies) ; but Lothair, by his ambition incuri'cd the hostility of his brothers, who conspired to restore their father to the throne. Pepin died in 838, and Louis made a new division the following year in favor of Lothair and Charles, leaving only Bavaria to Louis, and excluding the son of Pepin. Against this arrangement Louis revolted, and was joined by the son of Pepin. In the inidst of the war the Emperor died near Ingelheim. He was buried at ifetz. Consult: Sinison. Jahr- biicher des friinkischen Reichs unter Ludwig dent Frnmmen (Leipzig. 1862-65) : Diimniler, Ge- schichfe des ostfriinkischen Reichs (2d ed., Leip- zig, 1887-88). LOUIS II. (C.S22-875). Roman Emperor from 855 to 875. son of Lothair I. He was made King of the Lombards in 844, was crowned Em- peror in 850, and succeeded his father in Italy in 8.55. He was a weak ruler, and under him the power of the Empire declined rapidly. His con- quests from the Saracens in the south of Italy
