LUBLIN. 511 LUCAN. colonists and the larger landholders are more or less progressive in their agricultural methods, and even the native peasantry have been making some progress. Stock-raising is an important in- dustry, and wool is exported; wooden articles form one of the chief products of the house industry. Spirits, beet-sugar, Hour, leather, and trimmed lumber are the principal manufac- tures. The trade in grain and lumber is ex- tensive, and passes to a large extent through the Vistula. Population, in 1897, 1,159,4(53, in- cluding over 716,000 Roman Catholics, about 232,000 Greek Orthodox, 107,000 Jews, and 31,000 Protestants. Capital, Lublin. LUBLIN". The capital of the Government of Lublin. Russian Poland, situated on a small trib- utary of the Wieprz, 100 miles south-southeast of Warsaw (Map: Russia, B 4). It is a town of considerable antiquity, with a Roman Catholic church (Saint Nicholas's), dating from 980, a thirteenth-century cathedral, a number of old convents and monasteries, and a fine town hall. Its educational institutions incltide two gjmnasia, a seminary for priests, and several theatres. Economically the town is of little importance, and its industrial activity is confined to the pro- duction of spirits, leather, agricultural imple- ments, soap, candles, etc. Attached to the jail is a Government cloth-factory. Population, in 1897, 50,15"2, about 50 per cent. .Jews and the rest Poles and Russians. Lublin rose into im- portance toward the close of the Middle -^ges. It was the seat of several important diets, nota- bly that of 1568-69. which decreed the union of Poland and Lithuania into a single common- wealth. In 1702 the town was taken and plun- dered by Cliarles XII. of Sweden. LTJBLINER, lo5-ble'ner, Hugo ( 184C— ) . A German dramatist, whose pseudonym is Hur/o Burger, born in Breslau. His plays include: Der Frauenudrokat' (1873), his first great suc- cess; Die Moclelle des Sheridan (1875) : Atif der liraiitfahrt (1880); Mitbiirger (1884); Die nnncii Reirhen (1886); Der Reignitzer Bote (ISni I : Dns neiie .^tiick (1894) ; Der schuldige Teil (liinoi : and Die Jieben Feiiide (1901). LTJBOWSKI, loo-bov'ske, Edward (1839—). A Polisli author, best known for his dramas and novels. He was born and educated at Cracow. His first success, Xietoperze (1875). a satiric comedy of manners, was followed by the charac- ter plays, Przesady (1876), Pogodzeni z losem (1878), Sad honoroicy {1880), and Jacu^ (1884). He also wrote many critical and his- torical essays. His later work includes the novels Silni i slabi (1865, under the pseudonym Spiri- dioii). Aktorka (1S69), A'a pochylosc'i (1874), and Krok dah'j (1S85). LUBRICANTS (from Lat. lubricare, to make smooth, from lubricus, slippery). Substances ap- plied to the friction surfaces of machinery to reduce the resistance of friction to motion. Lubrication is the process of applying lubri- cants. Lubricants may be either solid or liquid. The requisities of a good lubricant arc: (1) .'Body' enough to prevent the surfaces to which it is applied coming in contact with each other; (2) freedom from corrosive acid, either of min- eral or organic acid origin: (3) as great fluidity as possible consistent with "body': (4) a mini- mum coefficient of friction; (5) high 'flash' and burning points; and (6) freedom from all ma- terials liable to produce oxidization or 'gum- ming.' Engineers have suitable tests for de- termining all of these properties of lubricants. Prof. K. H. Thurston states the lMf.st lubricants for ditt'erent purposes to be: For low temjiera- tures, such as rock-drills driven by compressed air, light mineral lubricating oils; for very great pressures, with slow speed, graphite, soapstone, and other solid lubricants; for heavy pressures, with slow speed, solid lubricants and lard, tal- low, and other greases; for heay pressures and high speed, sperm oil, castor oil, and heavy min- eral oils; for light pressures and high sjieed, sperm, refined petroleum, olive, rape, and cotton- seed oils; for ordinary machinery, lard oil, tal- low oil, heavy mineral oils, and the heavier vegetable oils; for steam-cylinders, heavy min- eral oils, lard, and tallow; for watches and other delicate meclianism, clarified sperm, ueatsfoot, porpoise oil, olive oil, and light mineral lubri- cating oils; for mixture with mineral oils, sperm is best, lard oil is much used, olive oil and cot- tonseed oil are good. The preceding list gives a reasonably comprehensive resume of the ordinary lubricants; special lubricating compositions sohl under various trade names are combinations of these lubricants, and they may be either solid or fluid. Lubrication may be i)erformed by manual application of the lubricant, or mechanical de- vices maj- be used for this purpose. These me- chanical devices are called lubricators and they are made in a variety of forms and often are rather elaborate in character. In all cases they consist essentially of a reservoir for the lubri- cant from which one or a number of pipes lead to suitable discharge points at the dilTerent In-ar- ings. or rather friction surfaces. Consult: Kent, Mechanical Engineers' Pocket Book (New York, 1900) ; Thurston, Treatise on Friction and Lost Work in Machinery and Mill Work (Xew York, 1894). See Oils. LUCA GIORDANO, loo'k:i jor-da'nA. An Italian painter. See Giokd.xo. LUCAN, IfiTvan, George Cii.vbles BiXGn.>r, Earl of (1800-88 1. An English soldier. After passing through Westminster School, he entered the army, and took part as a volunteer with the Russian forces in the Turkish campaign of 1828. He was elected a representative peer for Ireland in 1840, and served through the Crimean War as conunander of a division of cavalry. He won for himself the rather unenviable distinction of being chielly responsible for the blumlering order that sent the Six Hundred upon their glo- rious but liopeless charge. He was made lieuten- ant-general in 1858, general in 1865, and- field- marshal in 1887. LUCAN (ir. Axx.EUS LrcANfs) (A.n. 39- 65). The chief Roman poet of the Silver Age. He was born at Corduba (the modern Cordova), in Spain, a.d. 39. and brought to Rome in his in- fancy bv his father, who was a younger brother of tlie philosopher Seneca. He received an educa- tion of the best kind, was a school-fellow of Per- sius, and a friend of the Emperor Xero. and e:i- tered on life with the most brilliant prospects. He became qu.Tstor and augur, and declaimed and recited in public with the highest applause. But he soon lost the favor of Xero, who was jealous of his poetrv and his fame, and who desired to keep down both. Under the sting of this annoy- ance, he joined the conspiracy against Xero's life
