LUMINOSITY OF ANIMALS. 537 LUMPSUCKEB. and supplied with nerves and fine tracheal branches. Lang says that the cells of this luminous organ secrete, under the control of the nervous sys- tem, a substance which is burned during the ap- pearance of the light; this combustion takes place by means of the o.xygen conveyed to the cells of the luminous body by the traclie;e, which branch profusely in it and break up irtto capil- laries. Emery states that the males of Luciola display their light in two ways. When at night- time they are active or Hying the light is given out at short and regular intervals, causing the well-known sparkling or scintillating light. Lu- ciola Hying in the daytime, or injured, gives out a tolerably strong light, though not nearly reach- ing the intensitj- of the sparkling light. In this case the light is constant, yet the phosjihorescent plate is not luminous in its whole extent, but glows at different places as if phosphorescent clouds passed over it. As to the use to the animal of this luminosity, it is generally supposed to allure the females, but Emery thinks it is a means of defense, or a warn- ing or danger-signal against insectivorous noc- turnal animals, such as bats, since when crushed the firefly ( Luciola ) emits a disagreeable cab- bage-like smell, though it has no acrid taste. The eggs of fireflies are luminous, but this is prob- ably due to portions of the fat-body cells acci- dentally adhering to the outside of the egg. The larviB are luminous at ditl'erent ages, while the position of the luminous organs changes with age. In the larva of Pyropliorus before molting the light apparatus is situated only on the under side of the head and protlioracic segment. In larvae of the second stage there are added three shining spots on each of tlie first eight abdominal segments, and a single luminous spot on the last segment. In the adult beetles there is a lumi- nous spot on the under side of the first abdomi- nal segment, but the greatest amount of light is produced by the vesicles on the hinder part of the prothorax (Dubois). BinLioGRAPiiT. Verworn, General Physioloqy, translated by F. G. Lee (London. IS'.IO) : Langley and Very, "On the Cheapest Form of Light," in .4 mer. Jour. Hexence, 3d series ( Xew Haven, 18S10 ) ; Pfliiger, various articles in Areh. f. a. ge3. Phi/siol. (Berlin, 1875, 1878, 1883, and 1884); Dubois. "Anatomie et physiologic comparees de la Pholade dactyle." in Aniialcs de VViiircrsite de Li/on. vol. ii."( Lyons, 1892) ; Watase. various papers in Bioloqical Lectures at Wood'x Bole (Xew York, 1895 and 1898) ; Emery, -rnter- suehungen iiber Luciola Italica," in Zcits. f. irisscns. Zoo}., vol. xi. (1884); "La luce della Luciola Italica osservata col niicroscopio," in Bull. Hoe. Ent. Ital. (18S5) ; Dubois. "Contribu- tion a I'etude de la production de la lumi&re par les etres vivants, Les Elaterides lumineux," in Bull. Soc. Zool. France (Paris, 1880) ; Wielo- wiejsky, "Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Lenchtor- gane der Insekten," in Zool. .inzeiger, Jahrg. xii. (Leipzig. 1889). LTJMINOtrS PAINT. A phosphorescent sub- stance that may be u^ed for illuminating street- plates, buoys, clock-dials, etc. After being ex- posed for some time to ordinary light, the paint will for many hoiirs emit a violet light in the dark. Luminous paint for use on paper may be made by dissolving 10 parts (by weight) of pure gelatin in 40 parts of hot water, then adding 1 part of glycerin and 30 parts of phosphorescent powder. The latter is obtained by heating pure sulphide of calcium and mixing it with a small quantity of bismuth salt. The paint will with- stand e.])osure if 2 parts of the phosphorescent powder are mi.xed with 3 parts of a colorless varnish; an additional coating of varnish may serve for further protection. See Phospho- BESCEXCE. LUMMI, Uim'ni*. A Salishan tribe, formerly occupying the coast of Puget Sound between Skagit and Xooksak rivers, northern Washing- ton. They entered into treaty with the Govern- ment in 1855 and have since been gathered upon a small reservation within their original terri- tory. They were converted by .Jesuit missionaries and are now all civilized, living in houses and wearing citizen's dress. They number about 320. LUM'MIS, Charles Fletcher (1859—). An American author, born in Boston. He graduated from Harvard University in 1881, and during the two following years edited a newspaper in Cincinnati. He lived five years in Xew Mexico, and traveled in ilexieo and South America. He was editor of the Los Angeles Daily Times (1885-87), and afterwards of the Land of Hun- shine, a Los Angeles magazine, succeeded by Out 'West. His works include: A 'Seic Mexican David (1891) ; A Tramj) Across the Continent (1892) ; The Spanish Pioneers (1894) ; The Man. Who Married the Moon, and Other Puehlo In- dian Fottc-Htories (1894): The Gold Fi.9h of Grand Chimu (1896); The Enchanted Burro (1897) : and The Awakening of a Xation [Si)S) . LUMPFISH. See Lumpsuckeb. LUMP-JAW. A disease of domestic animals, particularly of cattle. See Actixomtcosis. LUMPTCIN, .TcsEPH Hexry (1799-1807). An American jurist, born in Oglethorpe County. Ga. After graduating at Princeton, he was admitted to the bar in 1820, but in 1844 was compelled by ill health to retire. In 1845 he became associate justice of the State Supreme Court, and soon afterwards was elected Chief .Justice, a position which he held until his death. He was the founder of, and was a professor in, the Lumpkin Law School, attached to the University of Georgia. LUMPKIN, Tony. The awkward son of Mrs. Hardcastle. in Goldsmith's She Stoops to Con- quer. He is ignorant and conceited, given to rough practical jokes. LUMPSUCKER (so called from the awkward shape of the fish, and its adhering power), or LuMPFiSH. An uncouth fish of the family Cy- clopterida'. formerly Discoboli), oval in shape, and with the skin studded with conical bony tu- bercles. The fins are short and the vcntrals unite to form a sucking-disk which can take hold of an object so firmly that several times the weight of a iSsh may be "raised by lifting the fish after it has made' an attachment. (See Illustration under Sea-Sxail.) In the breeding season the male puts on exceedingly rich colors — purple and blue above, orange-red lielow. in many tints. It is numerous on both sides of the Xorth Atlantic, where it stays about rocky .shores, clinging to the bottom, moving slowly, and preying on smaller fishes, crustaceans, etc. It spawns near shore in spring, after which the female retires to deep
