McLaren. 635 MACLE. McLABEN, William Edward (1831 — ). An American bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Cliurch. He was born in Geneva, N. Y., gradu- ated at .Jefferson College in 1851, was a tutor for a time, and in 1857-60 engaged in journalism in Pittsburg and Cleveland. He studied theology in the Presbyterian seminary at Pittsburg, and was ordained in the Presbyterian ministry and sent to Bogotd, South America, by the Board of For- eign Missions. He was afterwards pastor of churches in Pittsburg, in Peoria, 111., and in Detroit. His views changed, and lie was ordained priest in the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1872, and became rector of Trinity Church, Cleveland, Ohio. In 1875 he was consecrated Bishop of Illinois, and when the diocese was di- vided he retained the northern portion, now known as the Diocese of Chicago. He founded the Western Theological Seminary at Chicago in 1883, and Waterman Hall for girls at Sycamore, 111. His publications include: Catholic Dogma the Antidote of Doulit (1884) ; Inner Proofs of (!od (1884); Analysis: of Pantheism (1885); The Practice of the Interior Life (1897); The Holy tipirit (1899) ; and The Essence of Prayer (1901). Mclaughlin, muk-lak'lin, Axdrew Cun- ningham (1861 — ). An American historian. He was born at Beardstown, 111., and graduated at the University of Michigan in 1882. After a course in tlie law department of the same institu- tion, he became instructor and in 1891 professor of American history there. In 1903 he was ap- pointed to organize the department of history in the Carnegie Institution. He wrote Lewis Cass (1891) and a History of the American Xation (1899), and edited Cooley's Principles of Con- stitutional Law (1898). MACLAURIIT, mak-l.s'rin, Colin (1698- 1746). A Scotch mathematician, born at Kil- niodan, in Argyllshire. While quite young he was left an orphan and was brought up by one of his uncles. He studied at the University of Glas- gow, and there his mathematical genius sliowed itself very early. When only nineteen years old (1717) he obtained the professorship of mathe- matics in llarischal College, Aberdeen. In 1719 he visited London and made the acquaintance of Sir Isaac Xewton, and was made a member of the Roj'al Society. In 1722 he was engaged by Lord Polwarth to travel with his son and spent some time in France, and while there ol)tained the prize of the French Academy for a treatise on the percussion of bodies. In 1726 he suc- ceeded James Gregory as professor of mathe- matics in the University of Edinburgh. There he nlso devoted his attention to physics, astronomy, and other sciences, and soon acquired a wide repu- fati(in and influence. In 1740 he divided with Bernoulli and Euler a prize given by the French Academy for a work on the tides. In 1745 he organized the defenses of Edinburgh against the Pretender, his efforts at this time seriously im- pairing his health. When the rebels obtained possession of Edinburgh, he took refuge in Eng- land. He died in the following year. Xcxt to Newton he was the greatest British mathemati- cian of tile eighteenth century. He developed the fluxional calculus, contributed extensively to the theory of attraction, and showed that a re- volving homogeneous fluid assumes the form of an ellipsoid. This discovery is important for Vol. XII.— 41. the light it throws on the theory of the tides and on the investigations in regard to the figure of the earth. He also contributed to pure geometry and the theory of equations. He invent- ed the method of solving equations with equal roots by aid of the first derived equation. He is best known for an important theorem in calculus which bears his name. By means of this, a func- tion of one variable may be expanded in terms of ascending integral powers of the variable. His most important works are: Geometria Organica (1719); A Treatise of Fluxions (1742; 2d ed. 1801; French trans. 1749); Treatise of Algebra (1748; 5th ed. 1788; French trans. 1753) ; De Linearmn Geonietricarum Proprieta- tibus (1748) ; An Account of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophy (1748; 3d ed. 1775). Consult Mur- doch in the preiace to the last named work. McLAWS, mak-liiz', Lafayette (1821-971. An American soldier, born in Augusta, Ga. He graduated in 1842 at the United States Military Academy, and served in the Mexican War. In 1861 he entered the Confederate Army, subse- quently was promoted to be major-general, and commanded a division at Malvern Hill and many other battles. He surrendered with .lohnston's army. In 1875 he was appointed collector of internal revenue at Savannah, and in 1876 post- master of the same city. MACLAY', William (1737-1804). An Ameri- can patriot and politician. He was born at New Garden, Chester County, Pa., of Scotch-Irish par- entage, and was educated at an academy there. In the French and Indian War he served as a lieutenant in the expedition of Gen. .John Forbes against Fort Duquesne in 1758, and later served under General Bouquet. He afterwards studied law and was admitted to the bar, after which he went to England to consult with the proprietors of Pennsylvania regarding land-grants to militia officers who had served in the French- War. After returning to America he became attorney for the Penn family in Pennsylvania. He never- theless actively interested himself in the Revo- lutionary movement, took a leading part in rais- ing and equipping Pennsylvania troops, acted as assistant commissary of purchase, and saw some active service in the field. He was elected to the Pennsylvania Assembly in 1781, served on the State Executive Council. and as a judge of the Common Pleas, and in .January, 1789, was elected with Robert ilorris (q.v.) one of the first repre- sentatives of Pennsylvania in the United States Senate. He served only until 1791, but during that period attracted attention by his violent hostility to Washington, to whose presence in the Senate chamber he objected, and to the Fed- eralist administration and policy generally. He served in the Pennsylvania Legislature in 1795 and was a county judge from 1801 to 1803. His Journal (edited by Edgar Stanton Maday and published in 1890) contains a valuable and in- teresting accoimt of the first national Congress. MACLE, mak'T (OF. made, mascle. Fr. made. It. macula, from Lat. macula, spot, stain). A variety of andalusite. the crystals of which have the axis and angles of a different color than the remainder, of the mineral, exhibiting in transverse section a tessellated appearance or a cross, which is due to a regular arrangement of the carbonaceous impurities through the in- terior. This mineral is also called 'cross stone,'
