MAXIGNANT DISEASE. 744 MALLABD. in particular cases, a virulent, rapidly fatal form, and this is called the malignant or fulminant tviie of llie disease. Amonj,' such diseases are scarlet, typhoid, and malarial fevers, endocardi- tis, purpura (qq-v-). and cerebrospinal menin- gitis. Other maladies, such as diphtheria and smallpox, have, through advances in medical knowledge, lost much of the severity that earned for them the title malignant. Smallpox has been almost entirely controlled by vaccination, and diphtheria rendered niuch less dangerous !)y the discovery of antitoxin; yet malignant cases of both these diseases occasionally occur. Among other diseases which, on account of their severity, have at one time or another been termed malig- nant are Asiatic cholera, bubonic plague, per- nicious ana-mia, acute yellow atrophy of the liver ('malignant jaundice'), and anthrax ('malignant pustule') . MALIGNANT PTISTXTLE, or Anthrax; WOOI.-SOKTERS' DiSEA.SE; CuERBON ; MlLZBRAXD. An infectious disease produced by a rod-like bacillus, the BaHlliis anthracis. It begins with an acute local inllammation. General infection may result. It is a very serious and generally fatal alTection. Herbivorous animals are espe- cially susceptible; less so the onuiivora, and least of all the carnivora. It may occur in any part of the world. In man, the disease is always ac- quired from affected animals. Any part or tis- sue of an animal dead from anthrax is capable of communicating the disea.se. The dry bacillus can preserve its virulence for man}' years, and through any substance to which it may become attaclied the disease may be coMinuinicaied : even the feet and probnsces of flies which have alighted upon the diseased animal (liaving in its tissues the bacillus) or upon the infected product may carrj- the disca.se. Ants and earth-worms carry it from the buried animals to the grass above. Some minute scratch, abrasion or insect-bite may suflTice for the inoculation ; after this has taken place there comes, in a few liciurs. itching and uneasiness. A pimple and then a blister follows, surrounded by a brawny induration of the skin; and anlenia, with very great swelling of the parts. The inllammation extends along the lymphatics, and the neigh)oring lymph-glands are swollen and tender. There is often high fever. Some- times, in the eyelid, and also in the head, hand, and arm, there may be very great oedema, so that gangrene may result. The constitutional symptoms are generally very grave. The infection may be by way of the digestive tract, from eating the flesh or drinking the milk of diseased animals. There is then intense poison- ing. A chill occurs followed by a fever, with vomiting. diarrha>a. and pains in the legs and back. There may then be shortness of breath, cyanosis, great anxiety, and restlessness and con- vulsions or spasms of the nuiscle.s'. There may be hemorrhages from the mucous membranes. Ma- lignant pustule may affect many individuals to- gether, making a veritable epidemic. There is no domestic treatment of malignant pustule. A surgeon .should at once be summoned. The site of inoculation must be destroyed by cautery or caustic. Injections of carbolic acid under the .skin around the point of inoculation may pre- vent the spread of the infection. Internally, qui- nine and .stimulants are appropriate. See Cab- BUNCLE; Anthrax. MALIGNANTS. A sobriquet applied by the English Parliamentarians, in 1043, to those who adhered to the House of Stuart, and refused to sign the Solemn League and Covenant, for which see CovENANT.s, The. MALIGNANT TtTMOB. See Tumor. MALIGNITE (named from the Maligne River, Ontario). An igneous rock, in aspect re- sembling a coarse-grained basalt (q.v.), but com- posed of about equal quantities of aegerine-augite and biotite, and of orthoclase feldspar and nephe- lene. Its relationships are closest with thera- lite and neplielene basalt. MALINAO, ma-le'nou. A town of Luzon, Philippines, in the Province of Albay (Map: Philippine Islands. H G). It is situated on the southwest shore of the Gulf of Lagonoy, l.S miles north of All>av. It exports large quantities of hemp. Population, in 180(3, 10,2'J6. MALINES, ma'len'. A town of Belgium. See Mechlin. MALL, mel. The. ( 1 ) An avenue nn the north of Saint .lames's Park. London, lined with rows of fine trees. (2) An avenue in Central Park, New York, extending from the Terrace and form- ing with the latter one of the most successful landscape effects of the park. MALLALIETJ, malia-lu', Willakd Francis (1828 — ). A bishop in the Methodist Episcopal Church. He was born in Sutton, Mass., ami was graduated at Wesleyan University, in 1857; he entered the ministry in 1858 ; was pastor of churches at Sutton, Boston, Chelsea, South Bos- ton, and Worcester, Mass.; and was presiding elder of the Bo.ston district, 1882 to 1884. He was a member of the General Conferences of 1872, 1870, 1880. and 1884, and was elected bishop in 1884. His otlicial ejjiscopal residences were New Orleans (1884-02). Buffalo (1892-96), and Boston (1890 — ). During his residence in New Orleans he did much to promote the in- terests of New Orleans University and of the Freedman's Aid Society. MALLARD (OF. malard, mahirf, probably from male, masle, male, from Lat. masculKS, male, from mas, man). A handsome wild duck {Anas boscas), found in most parts of the North- ern Hemisphere outside of the tropics. It i-; about two feet long and weighs two or three pounds. The female has dusky and tawny-brown feathers, but the plumage of the male is glossy green on the head, purplish-chestnut on the breast, black on the back, and a finely cross-barrcil silver gray on the belly. He also has a tuft nf curly feathers above the tail. The mallard is the well-known original stock of the common do mestic duck, and in its breeding and other habif.- it closely resembles our barnyard birds. It i- rare in New England, and breeds mostly north of the I'nited States, making its nest on tlic groinid in a marsh, and lining it copiously with feathers. See DucK; and Colored Plate with Wateb-Bibu.s. MALLARD, ma'liir'. Francois Erne.st ( 18.3.3 — ). A French engineer and mineralogist, born at Chateauneuf-sur-Cher. He entered the Ecole Polytechnique in 1851, and two years afterwards passed to the School of Mines, where he was ap- pointed professor of mineralogy. In 1880 he was made an inspector-general with supervision over the departments of the Northeast. Besides a great number of memoirs on scientific sub-
