MANCHESTEB. 783 MANCHTJBIA. and the Seaboard Air Line railroads (Map: irginia, U 4). It is connected with Richmond by several bridges, and enjoys a site of remark- able beauty. The city has important agiicul- tural and coal-mining interests, and there are liirge flouring mills, cotton mills, foundries, paper mills, tanneries, brick yards, wooden-ware factories, etc., and repair shops of the Southern Kailwav. Good water power is atVordcd by the James River, which has a fall of 100 feet in less than si.Y miles. The waterworks are owned and operated bv the nuinicipality. Population, in I8!»0, 9246;" in 1900. 9715. MANCHESTER COPPY. See €. ary. MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF POLITICAL ECONOMY. The name applied to a group of Knglish economic writers under the leadership of Richard Cobden and .John Bright, who advocated ])rinciples of free trade and lai.isez faire. In 1820 the merchants of ilanchester became promi- nent as defenders of free trade, and in 1838 the Chamber of Commerce of Manchester issued a vigorous denunciation of the protective principle. The immediate object of attack was the Corn Law: and the Anti-Coru Law League, organized in 1839 by the Manchester free-traders, carried on an educational campaign which drew the attention of the whole world. The term 'ilan- chester School' has come to be applied as a term of reproach by writers of the German his- torical school of economics and by practical pro- tectionists. It must he admitted that writers of the Manchester School often manifest a tendency to limit unduly the field of governmental activity and to overrate the beneficence of unrestricted competition. See the articles Free Tbade; COR.N I.AW.S. MANCHINEEL' (Fr. mancenille, manza- iiillc, from Sp. miinzanillo, manchincel, diminu- tive of nian::ana, apple, probably from Lat. ma- tiana (mala), malian (apples), nom. pi. of Matianus, relating to Matins, from Matius, name of a Roman gens), Hippomane Jlnncinella. A tropical American tree of the natural order Eupliorbiaceie. Its acrid milky juice is reputed very poisonous. The tropical American Indians poison their arrows with it. Its perfumed fruit, though Biilder than the other parts, is so acrid as to be inedible. MANCHURIA, man-choo'r."-a (the land of the Maiiiliiis ( . The northeastern part of the Chinese Empire, situated east of Mongolia and the Argun River (which formerly traversed ^lan- churian territorj^), south of the Amur River (which separates it from Siberia), and west of the I'suri, which separates it from Primorsk (Maritime Province) or Russian Manchuria (a Chinese possession until 1860). It is bounded on the southeast and south by Korea, the Bay of Korea, and the Gulf of Liao-tung, and is included between the parallels of 39° and i)3° 30' X.. and the meridians of 117° and 13.5° E. As already indicated, it was formerly nuich more extensive than it is now, Russian encroachments (begin- ning about the middle of the seventeenth cen- tury) having gradually narrowed it down to its present estimated area of 3(i.i,000 square miles. The coimtry is known to the Chinese as Tung f<an Sung (or Shcngl.i.e. the 'Three Eastern Prov- inces.' referring to its three administrative divi- sions: (1) The Province of Tsi-tsi-har or Hei- lung-kiang in the north, with an estimated area of 190,000 square miles; (2) Kirin (q.v.) iu tho centre, the original home of the Manchus, area 113,000 square miles; and (3) Shing-king or Fung-t'icu-fu in the south, area 60,000 square miles. This is, strictly speaking, no part of JIanchuria, having been a Chinese province be- fore the rise of the Manchus. Topography. The whole eastern part of the country bordering on Korea and Russian ilan- churia is occupied by huge mountain masses with many fertile valleys. The general trend of the ranges is from northeast to southwest. and the backbone of tlu' wliole is the .Shan-a-lin or "Long White Mountains.' In the northwest, within the loop formed by the Argun and the Anuir. is found the main mass of the Greater IChingan (or Hingan) system, stretching southward into iMon- golia, but sending out many spurs and ridges both westward toward Siberia and eastward through Tsi-tsi-har, forming in the centre of that province the hills and plateaus of the Lesser Khingan ranges. South of this (extending us far as the Gulf of Liao-tung) and west of the Shan-a-lin ranges lies the great plain of the country, diversified by hill and dale, with occa- sional swampy regions, but of great agricultural value, producing large crops of pulse, barley, wheat, millet, maize, rice, cotton, indigo, tobacco, sesame, opium, ginseng, rhubarb, etc., and capa- ble of sustaining immense herds of cattle. It has been estimated that at present only one-fifth of the arable land is under cultivation. The mountains are still well covered with for- ests, especially in the northern province, but those bordering on Korea are being rapidly de- nuded to supply the needs of China. Tigers, wolves, bears, deer, foxes, martens, and other fur- bearing animals abound, and hunting and trap- ping are important occupations. Agriculture, however, and the many minor industries con- nected with it, .such as the manufacture of oil, oil-cake, etc., and the wild-silk industry, furnish employment for the bulk of the inhabitants. HvDROGRAPHT. The most important rivers drain northward to the Amur (q.v.). The two main drainage basins are tho.se of the Sungari and the Usuri, both rising in the .Shan-a-lin ranges. The former receives in its course the Nonni and the Ilulan from the Khingan ranges, the Hur-ka or ilutan-ho from the Shan-a-lin. and many other streams. The Argun is navigable for 460 miles, the Sungari for 700 (not includ- ing its tributaries), and the I'suri for 2.50. but navigation is restricted by treaty to Russian and Chinese vessels. The south-flowing rivers are the Liao (400 miles), a continuation of the Shira-muren fnmi Mongolia : the Ta-yang. enter- ing the Gulf of Pe-chi-li at the small port of Taku-shan : and the Yalu-kiang (between ifan- churia and Korea), which falls into the Bay of Korea. Mineral Resoi'RCE.s. Xothing is known re- garding the geolog;v of Manchuria, hut its min- eral wealth is known to be great. Gold is found in all the provinces, but most abundantly in Tsi- tsi-har. It is mined by the Government along the Sungari near San-sing as well ns along the Hurki in the Province of Kirin. Silver, copper. and lead are known to exist, and coal, iron, and soda are worked to some extent. The (Climate exhibits great extremes of tem- perature, but is healthful, and, being uninlluenced
