MANCHURIA. 784 HANCINI. sec Lucicn Adam, Grammairc dc la langue Hand- chou 1 Paris, 1873). MANCHUBIAN SUBREGION. One of the zoiifjeogiapliical sulxlivisions of tlie Palearctic regK)n, which embraces China north of the Yang-tse, ilancliuria, Korea, and .Japan (q.v.). It has the fauna of the plains and seacoasts of Eastern Asia. The mountains wliieh separate it from the Siberian region permit many northern animals to stray far eastward along their lofty spurs; and the "Manehurian fauna penetrates far westward along the intervening valleys and foot- hills. Its e.xclusive forms are few, and these are allied to Palearctic groups, and differ decidedly from the Oriental region to the southward. See Dkstkibution of A.mmals, and accompanying ina|)s. MANCHXJS, man'chooz. A people whose rep- resentatives have sat upon the throne of China since 1044. They belong by language and physi- cal type to the Tungiisie group of Siberian (Mongolian) peoples, whose habitat includes a large portion of Northeastern Asia between the Venesei and the coast of the Pacific. The Man- chus are rather tall with mesocephalic head- form. Up to the period of their conquest of China and their subseipient assumption to a large extent of Chinese culture, the Manchus seem to have been a rude, energetic, and warlike people, who adapted themselves to the tasks of empire with wondcrfid skill. They are, however, meeting the fate of so many conquerors. The infusion of Chinese blood in the Manchus is considerable, and they are gradually being absorbed by those whom their ancestors redueed to subjection. Their social characteristics, manners, and customs have been profoundly influenced, so that in these respects jlanchuria is practically Chinese to-day. From the Chinese the Manchus have received the form of Uuddhism they profess, through which, however, the original Shamanism frequently crops out. In contrast with the 'old Manchus' of Mukden, the term 'new JIanchus' is ap- plied to the recently subjected Mongol tribes of the Amur. Consult: Plath. Die Viilker der Mniidschiirei (Giittingen, 1830-31): James, The Long White Mountain (London, 1888) ; Schrenek, Jfeisen im Amur-Lande (Saint Petersburg, 1881- 91) ; Hosie, Manchuria (London, 1901). MANCINELLI, miinVht-nPl'le, Lnoi (1848 — ). An Italian composer and operatic conductor, born at Orvieto. He taught himself to play the piano and later studied the 'cello under Sbolci in Florence. In 1870 came the turning point in his career, with his engagement for the orchestra of the opera at Rome, under the fa- mous Terziani. Within five years he had stic- eeeded Terziani. and when the directorship of the Bologna Conservatory became vacant, in 1881, he was offered and accepted the position, and so revolutionized its methods that it rapidly rose . to rank with the greatest music schools of Europe. His European fame as a conductor be- gan at Drury Lane. England (188fi-88), and was enhanced during his seven years at Madrid in a similar capacity. He produced his very suc- cessful opera scria Ero e Lramlro there in 1897. At the conclusion of his service with the Madrid opera, he l)ecame associated with the grand opera undertakings of London and New York. His compositions are not numerous or well known. They include: Overture and entr'acte music to Cossa's Cleopatra ; opera Isora di Pro- vi-nza (1884) ; oratorio; songs; orchestral num- bers, etc. It is on his ability as a conductor that his fame chielly rests. MANCINI, man-che'ne. The name of five sisters, nieces of Cardinal Mazarin, who played a brilliant part at the French Court during the early reigu of Louis XIV. They were born in Home and spent their childhood in that city, but between 1G47 and 1653 were summoned to Paris by Mazarin, who undertook the charge of tlicir education and advanced their fortunes at Court. This 'battalion of nieces,' as Michelct calls them, comprised: (1) Lauhe ( lt)3(i-.J7) , a girl of amiable and pious disposition and the companion of the boj- King Louis XIV. She be- came the wife of Louis de VendOme, Duke de Mercopur, and died in childbed six years later. She was the mother of Louis. Duke de VendOme, one of Louis XIV. 's greatest generals. (2) Marie ( 1639-C.171.5) ; she came to Paris in 10.53, and after some time was attached to the Court. She was brought up in the comi)any of the young King, who conceived a violent passion for her and would have married her if it had not been for the interference of Cardinal ilazarin. In lOGl Jla- zarin gave her in marriage to Prince Colonna. the Constable of Naples, bestowing on her a dowry of a million livres. She left her husband in 1072 and in spite of a royal warning came to Fontainebleau, in the hope probably of re- establishing her old ascendency over the King. Forced to leave France, she traveled in Northern Italy and the Low Countries, and in 1074 took up her residence in Spain, where she enjoyed great influence with the Queen of Charles II. About 1705 she returned to Piomc, where she died. Her memoirs. Apolor/ie. were published in Leyden in 1078. (3) Oltmpe (1640-1708); she came to France in 1647, and her education was largely superintended by the Queen mother, Anne of Austria. She was witty and piquant and took a leading part in all the gayeties of the Court. In 1057 she married Eug&ne de Savoie-Carignan, Count of Soissons, and as mistress of the Queen's household lived for some time in close intimacy with the King, but, owing to her taste for intrigue, soon lost the royal favor. Sus- pected of complicity in the affair of the no- torious poisoner La Voisin ( q.v. ) , she left France, and passed the remainder of her life in stormy Avanderings tlirough the Low Countries, Spain, Germany, and England. She died at Brussels. Her son was the celebrated Prince Eugene of Savoy. (4) IIortexse (1046-99) ; the most beautiful and admired of the sisters. She came to France in 1053, and after a two years' education in a convent was introduced into the royal circle. Among the aspirants for her hand at one time or another were Charles II. of Eng- land, then living in exile, and Peter II., the future King of Portugal. She married in 1601 the Marquis de la Meillcraye, who assumed the title of Duke of Mazarin after the death of the Cardinal. She left her husband in 1666. and in 1675 came to England, where her old adorer Charles II. gave her a pension. She became the centre of the gayest courtiers in the gay Court of the merry monarch, but lived in retirement after the Revolution of 1688. She died at Chelsea, near London. (5) Mabie Ax>-e (I649-I714); the wit of the
