MANN. 809 MANNA. cation, and gave to this organization when estab- lished a far better support than education had ever received. But one service to education ren- dered by Horace ilann is to be rated above even all these. It was owing to his efforts that the first normal school (q.v. ) in the United States for the training of teachers was established. This first school was opened in 1839 at Lexington, ilass. In 1848 Mann was elected to Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of .John Quincy Adams. There for two terms he con- tinued the work begun by Adams in opposition to slavery. From 1852 to 1859 ilann was presi- dent of Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio, where he again led in an advanced educational movement — that of the co-education of the sexes. Horace ilann was not a professional educator, however, but a publicist and statesman. His greatest work was the rather indefinite one of arousing public opinion to the importance of education, and the directing of legislative efl'ort to the improvement of educational conditions. He became the leader, or at least the forerunner, of the great educational movement which has reached from the middle of the nineteenth cen- tury to the present time. In addition to his Reports, his published works include: Lectures on Education (1840) ; Lectures on Education (1845); On the Study of Physi- ology in Schools (1850); Slavery, Letters and Speeches (1850); and numerous lectures and addresses. Consult: JIary Peabody 5Iann, Biog- raphy of Horace Mann (Boston, 1865); Hins- dale, Horace Mann and the Common School Re- vival in the United States (Kew York, 1898) ; Boone, Education in the United States (Xew Y'ork, 1889) ; Lange, Horace Mann: His Life and Educational IVorfc (New Y'ork, 1893). See the articles on Common Schools; Xormal Schools. MANN, Matthew Derbtshibe (1845 — ). An American obstetrician, born at Utica, N. Y^ He graduated at Yale in 1867 and at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in Xew Y"ork City in I87I. After two years' study in Heidelberg, Paris, Vienna, and London he practiced in Xew Y'ork City until 1879, then in Hartford until 1882. when he became professor of gynecology in the University of Buffalo. He was one of the physicians attendant upon ilcKinley after the President's assassination. He wrote: Immediate Treatment of Rupture of the Perineum (1874) ; Manual of Prescription Writing (1879); and .lwifri><7)i System of (rynecology (1887-88). MANN, William Julius (1819-92). An American Lutheran theologian and author, born in Stuttgart. He studied there and at Tubingen and was ordained in 1841. Three years later he came to the United States and settled in Phila- delphia, where he was pastor of the Reformed German Church from 1846 to 1850. and of Zion's and Saint Michael's Church from 1850 to 1884. He was made professor of symbolics at the Lutheran Theological Seminary in 1864, a post he held almost up to the time of his death. With Dr. Schaff he edited Dcr deutsche Eirchenfreund. His own works include: Plea for the Augsburg Confession (1856); Lutheranism in America ( 1857) ; and Life and Times of Henry Melchior Muhlenberg (1887). Consult: Spaeth, Memorial (Philadelphia, 1893) ; and Mann, Memoir (Phil- adelphia, 1893). MAN'NA (Heb. inO/i, Ar. mann, Gk. irnvva, manna; perhaps connected with the Egj'ptian mennu). According to tiie biblical account, the chief food of the Israelites during their forty years' wandering in the desert (Ex. xvi. ; Xum. xi. 6-9). It is described as falling from heaven like rain or with the dew; small, round and white, like coriander seed ; in taste, sweet like honey, or like fresh oil. It was gathered in the morning and it melted when the sun arose. A sufficient amount was provided daily for each individual and no more; if a surplus was gath- ered it spoiled before the succeeding morning. On the sixth day, however, a double portion was provided, and none could be found on the Sab- bath. It could be ground in a mill, beaten in a mortar, baked and made into cakes, or boiled. A command was given to preserve an omer of it in the ark of the covenant for future generations ( cf. Heb. ix. 4 ) . The supply ceased on entrance into the promised land (.Joshua v. 12). In Ex. xvi. 15 the name is explained by a reference to the exclamation of the Hebrews when they first saw the manna and knew not as yet what it was, man being made equivalent to mah, 'what is it?' This explanation is probably a species of popular etymologv'. and indicates that the true origin of the word was unknown. In the later literature manna is called "com' or 'bread of heaven' and "angels' food' (Psa. lxx-iii. 24-25; cv. 40; cf. Jolm vi. 31; I. Cor. x. 3). Attempts have been made to explain the biblical manna as the exudation from the tarfa tree, a species of tamarisk (Tamarix gallica mannifera) , or the camel's thorn, or as lichens. Manifestly such an explanation fails to satisfy all the conditions of the narrative. If it be believed, however, that the latter represents an early tradition with later embellishments, the view becomes plausible that the use of some such food by a small tribe or clan in time of need may have formed the basis of the narrative. The passage in Xumbers is attributed to the Y'ahwistic writer, and hence is pre-exilic; that in Exodus is found in the Priestly narrative, but it probably embodies certain old fragments with considerable additions by the redactors. Consult the commentaries of Dillmann, Baentsch, and Strack on Exodus xvi. MANNA. A sweet substance that exudes from incisions in the stems of Fraxinus ornus and other species of ash. The principal supply of manna comes from Sicily, where during July and August incisions are made in the trunks and larger limbs of the trees, and if the weather he warm the manna begins to ooze from the cuts and hardens into lumps or flakes which are re- moved by collectors. Manna is a light, porous substance of a yellowish color, not unlike dried honey. There are different qualities found upon the market, which vary in their purity and com- position. Flake manna is obtained when there is an abundant flow from the upper incisions. It dries into flat pieces or tubes and differs some- what in composition from the other varieties. Small or talfa manna occurs in tears from the lower incisions and is less crystalline and more gummy. Fat manna is brownish, viscid, non- crystalline, and is usually full of fragments of bark and other impurities. Manna is largely used in medicine as a laxative, demulcent, and expectorant, and is commonly administered with other medicines, as senna, rhubarb, etc. Its con-
