LEECH. 79 LEEDS. At the wish of his father he studied medicine at Saint Baitholomew"s, where he was most dis- tinguished fur his anatomical drawings, a talent which lie turned to account on the collapse of his father's fortune. In art he was practically self- taught. His first work, "Etchings and Sketches by A. Pen, Esq." (1835), was a series of street characters, drawn on stone. After this appeared his sketches in Bell's Life in London. After , designing for various magazines and executing several series of plates in collaboration with Percival Leigh, he became associated with Punch (1841). His sketches for Punch, upon which his fame chiefly rests, were separately published under the title "Pictures of Life and Character" ( 18.J4-00) . Among the works which he illustrated were Dickens's Christmas Stories (1843-48), Comic History of England (1847-48), and its companion-piece. Comic Hiatorij of Kome (1852). In 1858 he journeyed through Ireland, the out- come of which was a book Little Tour in Ireland, written by his traveling companion. Dr. Hole, which he illustrated. He also designed illustra- tions for the Illustrated London Seus. Punch's Pocket Book, and Once a Week. He died at Ken- sington (London), October 29, 1864. Leech represents the transition from Cruik- mIc to Du Maurier, when humorous art was jressing from the coarse and boisterous satire .1 . arlier times to the more refined forms of the present day. The work of Leech was more refined than that of Cruiksliank. although he had as keen an e.ve for the ridiculous, and his caricatures were truer to life. Consult the biographies of Leech by Brown (London, 1882) and Frith (ib., 1801). LEECHING (AS. Icece, leech, physician, Goth. likcis. OH(t. Inhhi, lachi, physician, from lac, medicine; the worm is so called from its medic- inal use). The application of leeches for the purpose of abstracting blood. This method of blood-letting is employed in medicine in place of cupping or venesection in the case of local intlammalion or acute congestion. Having at- tached itself to the integument by means of teeth and suction apparatus, the leech secretes a liquid which prevents the blood from coagu- lating; and hence the persistent bleeding in some cases after a leech is removed. A leech is most easily applied by, inserting it tail end first in a small, narrow bottle, and then inverting the bottle against the skin, and letting the leech slide down. If it refuses to bite, a few drops of sweetened milk or of blood put on the skin will overcome its reluctance and incite it to attach itself. The leech may be detached by sprinkling salt on it. At each application a leech ordinaril.v takes about one drachm of blood. It may be made to disgorge by treating it with salt, or by stripping it gently from tail to head. Leech-bites leave deep and permanent though small scars. Leeches are em- ployed in cases of meningitis, in conjunctivitis, in purulent inflammation of the external ear, and in the treatment of swollen joints, such as occur after a traumatism. The troublesome bleeding which follows in some cases is treated with styp- tics, or with pressure of a gauze compress over the wound. The use of leeches is not cleanly nor aseptic, and occasionally infection follows. Hence many prefer to employ the 'artificial leech,' which con- sists of a tube provided with a piston for exhaust- ing the air within it. A scarificator having first been used, the margin of the end of the tube is anointed and placed firmly against the skin, and the air exhausted. Blood passes out into the tube. The best "artificial leech' is that devised by Dench of New York. LEECH LAKE. A lake in Cass County, north central ilinnesota (Map: Minnesota, D 3). It is nearly 25 miles long, 15 miles broad, and lies at an elevation of 1297 feet ; it discharges its waters by a short outlet into the Mississippi. The surrounding country is well timbered and constitutes the Leech Lake Indian Reservation. LEEDS. A town in the northwest of the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, in the valle,y of the Aire, 22 miles west-southwest oi 'ork(iIap: Eng- land, E 3) . It is the first town in the county and the fifth in England in point of population. It lies in an extensive coal-field and in a productive agricultural and grazing region. The Aire Kiver, which has been open for navigation since 1C59, flows into the Humbcr, and affords comnnmica- tion with the sea on the cast; to the west water conmiunication is afl'orded by the Leeds and Liv- erpool Canal, finished in I8IG. The railway facili- ties are exceptionally fine. The notable buildings include the Church of Saint Peter's, a noble edi- fice; and Saint .lohn's, Xew Briggate, consecrated by Archbishop Xeale in 1634, an almost uni(iue example of a 'Laudian' church still retaining the original fittings. There is also the town hall, with a tower 225 feet high. Its great liall, 161 feet long, 72 feet wide, and 75 feet high, is richly decorated, and contains one of the largest and most powerful organs in Europe. There is a colossal statue of Queen Victoria in the vestibule, and one of A"el!ington in the front of the build- ing. Kirkstall Abbev, about 3 miles from Leeds, was founded between 1147 and 1153 bv Henry de Lacie -for the Cistercian Order of monks. It is a fine old ruin, remarkable for its simple gran- deur and unity of design. It was bought by Colonel Xorth and presented to the borough in 1888. Adel Church, about four miles from Leeds, is an interesting building, erected in 1140. Xear it was a Roman station where antiquities have been found. There are many charitable institu- tions, among which are the Harrison almshouses, the fever and smallpox hospitals of the nmnici pality. an excellent infirmary, etc. The York- shire College, affiliated with the Victoria Uni- %'ersity. has several fine college buildings, with well-equipped departments of chemistry, engi- neering, biology, art. and technical training, as well as a medical department, which is located near the Leeds Infirmary. The public recrea- tion grounds, owned by the corporation, are Woodhouse Moor. Hunslet iloor. Ivy House Es- tate, East End Park, and Armley Park. Round- hay Park, one of the most beautiful demesnes in England, at a distance of 2 miles from Leeds, was bought by the corporation of the town in 1872 for £140.000, and converted into a recrea- tion-ground for the use of the public. The muni- cipal activity of the City Council is indicated b.y 65 committees, comprising 15 standing com- mittees. 40 sub-committees, and 8 sections. The borough is divided into 16 wards, and is gov- erned by a mayor. 16 aldermen, and 48 cotmcilors. The municipality owns fish, cattle, fruit, and corn markets, gas and water works, and eh'ctrie lighting plant, tramways, baths, free libraries, and cemeteries ; subsidizes institutions for tcchni-
