MABMION. 81 MABMOKA. which De Wilton ixcovercd his betrothed, Lady Chile. MAR'MION", SiiACKERLEY (1603 30). An English dramatist, educated at Wadhani College, 0.ford, where he graduated B.A. in 11)22 and M.A. in 1G24. After trying his fortune in the Low Countries, he settled in London. There he heeanie associated with Ben Jonson, Heywood, and other literary men. He accompanied Sir .Iiihn Suckling on the showy expedition to Scot- laiid ( 1038) . Falling ill at'Vork. lie was brought back to London to die. llarmion made a verse paraphrase of the Cupid and Psyche of Apuleius (1G37), which was greatly admired by his con- temporaries. It was reprinted by S. V. Singer in 1820. For the Court, Marmion wrote several comedies, which are still interesting. They com- prise Holland's Lear/iicr (performed 1632) ; A Fine Companion (printed 1633) ; The Antiquary (performed 1636). Consult his Dramatic WorJ;s, ed. by Maidment and Logan (Edinburgh, 1875). MARMOL, mar-m5l', Jose (e.1818-71). A South American poet and patriot, born at Buenos Ayres. As Deputy and Senator for his native province, he took so firm a stand for the rights of the people that he was banished by Rosas. After the overthrow of the dictator Marniol was again Senator for Buenos Ayres and had charge of the National Library until he lost his eyesight. In 1856 he published Pere- f/rino and Armotiias, then two plays, El cru- '^ado (18G0) and El poeta (1862), and La Ama- lia (1866), an historical romance of the period of Rosas's control of Buenos Ayres. After his death some of his poems and dramas were collected and published in Paris under the title Obras poeticas y dramuticas de Jos6 Marmol (1875). MARMONT, mar'moN', Auguste Fr£:d£ric Louis Viesse de, Duke of Ragusa (1774-1852). A marshal of France, born July 20, 1774, at Chatillon - sur - Seine. He entered the French Army in 1791 and was rapidly promoted. He met Bonaparte at Toulon, served with distinction in the Italian campaign, particularly at Lodi and Castiglione, and later accompanied Bona- parte to Egy])t, where he became brigadier-gen- eral. On returning to France Marmont sup- ported Napoleon in the coup d'ftat of the eighteenth Brumaire, and afterwards continued in active military service. After the battle of Marengo (1800) he was made a general of divi- sion. In 1801 he was inspector-general-in-chief of artillery, and in 1805 he was made command- ant of the army in Holland. His services in defending the Ragusan territory against the Russians and Montenegrins in 1806-07 won him his title, of Duke of Ragusa. After the battle of Wagrani (1809) he was intrusted with the pur- suit of the enemy, and after the battle of Znaim he was made a marshal. He was thereafter for eighteen months Governor of the lUyrian prov- inces, and in 1811 succeeded Mass^na in the chief command in the Peninsula, where he assumed the offensive, and kept Wellington in check for fifteen months, but was eventually defeated in the battle of Salamanca (July 22, 1812). A wound com- pelled him to retire to France. In 1813 he fought at the battles of Liitzen, Bautzen, and Dresden. He maintained the contest with great spirit in France in the beginning of 1814: and it was not until further resistance was hopeless that he con- cluded a truce with Prince ScliwarzenlK-rg. which was followed by the abdication of Najioleon. The Bourbons at first loaded Marmont with honors and distinction. On the return of Napoleon from Elba Marmont was excluded from the general amnesty, and he fled to Aix-la-Chapelle. After the second Restoration he spent much of his time in agricultural pursuits, till the Revolution of 1830, when., at the head of a body of troops, he attempted in vain to put down the insurrec- tion, and finally retreating with 6000 Swiss, and a few battalions that had continued faithful to Charles X., conducted him across the frontier. From that time he resided chiefiy in Vienna. He died in Venice, JIarch 2, 1852. He was the last survivor of the marshals of the first French Empire. His Memoires (9 vols., 1856-57) are valuable for the history of his time. He was also the author of Voiiage en Hongrie (1837) and Esprit des institutions militaires (1845). MARMONTEI/, miir'moN'tiel', Antoine Fran- cois (1816-98). A French pianist, born at Cler- mont-Ferrand, Puy-de-Donie. He studied in 1828- 32 at the Paris Conservatory, where he returned to teach in 1836, and in 1848 succeeded his former master, Zimmermann, as pianoforte pro- fessor. He published three books of piano studies, besides sonatas, nocturnes, serenades, minuets, reveries, and mazurkas, and his literary productions are: Art classique et moderne du piano (1876) ; Elements d'eS'thrPtque musicale et considerations sur le beau dans les arts (1884) ; and Histoire du piano et de ses origines (1885). MARMONTEL, Jean Francois (1723-99). A French dramatist, novelist, and critic, born at Bort, .Inly 11, 1723, best known for two series of Contcs ntoraux (1761-S6). and the moralizing novels Belisairc ( 1767 ) and Les Incas ( 1777 ) . He studied for the Church, but was attracted to let- ters by the patronage of Voltaire, went to Paris (1745), became a journalist, and won some suc- cess by his tragedies: Diniis le ti/ran (1748) and Aristomrne (1749). In 1753 a sinecure office attached him to the Court at Versailles. During 1758 and 1759 he edited the Mercure. He was imprisoned ten days in the Bastille for political .satire in 1760, was elected to the Acad- einy in 1763, and made its permanent secretary in 1783. His numerous contributions to the Encg- clopidie(see Didebot) were collected as Elements de littfrature in 1787. He wrote also Memoires and a treatise on French versification (1763). Marmontel's Worlcs were edited by himself in 17 volumes, to which 14 were subsequently added. They have been reedited bv Villeneuve (Paris, 1819-20), and Saint-Surin '( ib.. 1824-27). The Memoires are best edited by Tourneux (Paris, 1891). Consult Sainte-Beuve, Causeries du lundi, vol. iv. (Paris, 1857-62). MARMORA, mar'm6-ra. Sea op (anciently Propontis ) . A small sea between European and Asiatic Turkey, communicating with the ^Egean Sea by the Strait of the Dardanelles (anciently Hellespont) . and with the Black Sea by the Strait of Constantinople (anciently Bosporus) (Jlap: Turkey in Europe. G 4). It is of an oval form, 140 miles in length by 45 miles in breadth, and the eastern shore is indented by the two large gulfs of Ismid and Injir Liman fMudania). The depth is generally over 600 feet, and in some places reaches over 4000. There is a current run- ning through it from the Black Sea to the.-'Egean.
