MARTIN. 115 MARTINEAU. solicitor in London. Aniung his earliest literary ventures was tlic volume of LSok Oaiitlicr'x liolluds (1855; 1;H1i cd. 1S77), written in coUalioratiun with Prof. W. E. Aytoun. In 1858 he began his series of admirable translations with Poems and lialhids of Goethe (again assisted by Pro- fessor Aytoun) . A/H.?* appeared in IStio. Mar- tin's other versions are Danish dramas from Hertz and Oehlcnschliiger (1854-57), the Odes of Horace (ISGO), CaiiiUus (18()1), the Vila yiiova (1802), Faust (1805-8G), Heine's Poems atid lialluds (1878), and SU- Ilouks of Vergil's JEiteid (1890). The Horace renderings, in 1SS2 extended to include the entire works, are gen- erally conceded to lie the best yet made of that poet. They are supplemented by a booklet in the Ancient Classics for English Readers. His further works intdude The Life of W. E. Ai/toun (1807) ; The Life of the Prince Consort (1874- 80) ; The Life of Lord Lgndhursi (2d ed., 1884) ; nelena Eaucit, Lady Martin { HIOl ) ; and Ma- donna Pia and other plays. In 1881 Martin was elected rector of Saint Andrews University. He was knighted in 1880. For Lady Martin, see the article Fai-cit, Helen. MAKTIN, Thomas Mower (18.38—). An Knglish painter, born in London and a student there at the South Kensington Art School. He went to Canada in 1802, and settled at Toronto. He was influential in founding the Royal Cana- dian Academy and the Ontario School of Art. of which he became director in 1877. His pictures incUidc "The Untamed Wilderness," which was especially executed for Queen Victoria and hangs in Windsor Palace. MARTIN, William Alexander Parsons (IS27— ). An American missionary and educa- tor, born at Livonia. Ind. He was educated at the Indiana State University and entered the Presbyterian Seminary at Xew Albany, Ind. (now McCorniick, Chicago). He was professor of classics at the Anderson Collegiate Institute for a year (1840-50), and then went to Xingpo, China, as missionary (1850-00). lie founded the Presbyterian mission at Peking (18C.3), and re- mained in cliarge until he was appointed pro- fessor of international law at the Tung-wen Col- lege of Peking (1808) and its president in 180!>. In this capacity he translated a number of works on international law for the Chinese Govern- ment, such as the Ouide diplomatique (1874); and two text-books on physic*, which were espe- cially reprinted for the Smperor. He was sent abroad in 1880 by the Chinese Government to in- vestigate the educational systems in foreign coun- tries. In 1885 he received the honorable title of mandarin of the third rank, and in the same year was made the first president of the Oriental Society of Peking. From the presidency of the Peking College he resigned in 1808. In 1900 he was ajipointcd head of the new viceregal univer- sity in Wuchong. His writings include: The Chinese: Their Education, Philosophy, and- Let- ters (1881) ; Evidences of Chrislianiiy (1855, in Chinese): The Three Principles (1850): h'eli- ginus Mleiiorirs (1857) : .1 Cycle of Cathay; or China fiouth and orth (2d ed., 1897) : The Lore of Cathay; or the Intellect of China (10011 : and The fticrie in Peking (1900). MARTINACH, miir'te-niifi. The name of three united villages in Switzerland. See Mab- TIGNT. MARTINA FRANCA, miirte'n:! friin'ka. A city in the Province of Lecee, Italy, situated on a hill 17 miles north-northeast of Taranto (Map: Italy, M 7). It is a comparatively modern town. Population of commune, in 1901, 25,007. MARTIN CHUZ'ZLEWIT. A novel by Charles Dickens, which ai)peared in 20 monthly parts in 1843 and 1844. The story shows the vice of sellishncss in various forms and the resulting evils in the Chuzzlewit family. Martin's ad- ventures in the United Slates gave great oll'ense to Americans. Some of Dickens's most inimitable creations Arc found in it, among them Mr. Pcck- snilf and ilrs. Gamp. MARTIN DE MOUSSY, mar'taN' dc miTo'se', Jeax Antoine "V'lCTuK (1810-00). A French physician and traveler, born at iloussy le Vieux. He studied medicine in Paris, and practiced in the military hospitals. In 1841 he wont to ^Montevideo," South America, and in the nine years' siege of that place ( 184.3-52) was director of the medical service to the French and Italian forces. After the downfall of Rosas, the dictator of Argentina, in 1852, he was employed by the Government of President Urquiza to prepare a geographical description of that republic. In the execution of this task he spent four years in constant travel. The results of his labors are embodied in hfe w'ork in three volumes, entitled Description gcographique et statistiqne de la confMS-ation Argentine (1800-04), which, with the atlas accompanying it, is of the highest au- thority. He preseiited to the city of ilonte- video a well-equipped meteorological observatory. MARTINEAXIy mjir'ti-no, Harriet (1802- 70). An English writer, sister of James Mar- tineau, born at Norwich, England, June 12. 1802 ; educated mostly at lunne. She early became a convert to Unitarianism. Miss ilartineau began writing when a girl, contributing her first article in 1S21 to the Monthly Repository, the Unitarian organ. In 1829 the house in which had been placed the small fortunes of the family failed, and Miss Martineau turned to literature for sup- port. Her health had been precarious from girl- hood, and she now frequently broke down. For rest she visited America (1834-35) and Venice (1830). By 1845 she had ])assed from Unitarian- ism to agnosticism. In 1845-40 .she settled near Ambleside bv the English Lakes, where she lived till her death, June 27, 1870. Miss JIartineau piiblished thirty-six distinct works, comprising tales, novels, aiid essays on history, polities, eco- nomics, and philosophy, and contributed exten- sively to periodicals. In the Daily Keics alone appeared more than 1000 articles. She gained her first success with Illustrations of Political Economy/ (1832-34) and Illustrations of Taxation (1834), in which she sought to jjopularize cur- rent theories through fiction. Among her other works are: Society in America (1837) ; Western Travel (1838): Deerbrook, a readable novel (1839); The Playfellow, good children's stories (1S4I) ; Life in the Sick Room, atitobiographical (1843) ; Letters on Mesmerism (1845) ; Eastern Life. Past and Present, in wdiich she avowed her religious opinions (1848): Histon/ of England Durina the Thirty Yeart' Peace, a weighty piece of writing (1849) ; Letters on the Laics of Man's 'Katvre and Development, written in conjunction with H. G. Atkinson (1851) : The Philosophy of Comte, a condensation of the Philosophic pod-
