MARTIN MARPRELATE. 119 MARTIUS. MAR'TIN MAR'PREL'ATE CONTRO- VERSY. A bettor religious dispute of tlic Eliza- bethan period. It Wiis occasioned by the anony- mous publication. 1588-89, of a number of bit- terly pers(]nal tracts directed against what the ■writer conceived to be abuses iu Church and State, and against certain bishops in particular. The ])ublisher and chief instigator was John Pcnry (q.v. ), or Ap-llenry, a Puritan preacher, abetted bj' Sir Kichard Knightley of Northamp- tonshire, .lob Throckmorton of Warwickshire, and others. The tracts were i)rinted on a rude and peripatetic press, at Kingston-on-Thames. Cov- entry, JIanchester, etc., and pro-okcd in reply a greater number of abusive books and pam- phlets. JIartin"s broad satires were disapproved by devout Puritans, luit undoubtedly they were powerful factors in furthering the Puritan cause. Great efforts were made to discover and appre- hend the authors. Penry was executed in 1593. Henry Barrow, one of his assistants, to whom the chief responsibility for the tracts has sometimes been attrilnifed. also sutTered death in the same year. The tracts have been reprinted by Arber in the E>i</li»h Scholar's Library (London, 1878 sqq. ). Consult: Maskell, A Uislory of the Mar- tin Marprclate Controversy (London, 1845) ; Arber, Introductory Sketch to the Martin Mar- prclate Controversy (London, 1870) ; De.xter, Congregationalism of the Last 300 Years as Seen in i'ls Literature (New York, 1880). MAR'TINMAS. A festival celebrated on Saint JIartin's Day, November 11th. Luther was born on the eve of the festival, and therefore re- ceived the saint's name. MAR'TIN OF TOURS, tiTCr (c.31G-e.400) . Bishop of Tours and patron saint of France. He was born at Sabaria, Pannonia, of heathen parents, about 310. He was educated at Pavia, and at the desire of his father, who was a mili- tary tribune, entered the army at an early age under Constantine the Great. The virtues of his life as a soldier are the theme of more tlian one interesting legend. On obtaining his discharge from military service (33(i), JIartin became a disciple of Hilary (q.v.). Bishop of Poitiers. He returned to his native Pannonia, and converted his mother to Christianity, but he himself en- dured much persecution from the Arian party, who were at that time dominant; and in conse- quence of the firmness of his profession of ortho- do.'y, he is the first who. without suffering death for the truth, ha? been honored in the Latin Church as a confessor of tlu^ faith. On his return to Gaul, about 300. he founded a convent of monks near Poitiers, where he himself led a life of great austerity and seclusion; but in 371 he was drawn by force from his retreat, and ordained Bishop of Tours. The fame of his sanctity and his repute as a Avorker of miracles, attracted crowds of visitants from all parts of Gaul ; and in iirder to avoid the distraction of their impor- tunity, he established a monastery near Tours, in which he resided. He died at Candi^ (Can- deum) about 400. In the Roman Catholic Church the festival of his birth is celebrated on November 11th. Consiilt his Life, by Cazenove (London, 1883) : Chamard, Saint Martin ct son monastcre (Poitiers, 1873). MAR'TINSBURG. A town and the county- seat of Berkeley County, W. Va.. 75 miles west of Washington, D. C. ; on the Baltimore and Ohio and the Cumberland Valley railroads (Map: West Virginia, V 2). Its most prominent struc- ture is the United States court-house and post- olfice, which cost about $100,000. The industrial interests are re|ircscnted by railroad repair shops, woolen and hosierj' mills, clothing fac- tories, distilleries, lime works, slate and lime- stone quarries, wagon shops, a manufactory of brass and supplies, a canning factory and planing mills. The municipality is governed by a mayor, elected every two years, and a unicanu?ral coun- cil. It owns and operates the water-works. Martinsburg was founded and incorporated as a town in 177S. Population, in 1890, 722(); in 1900, 75l)4. MARTIN'S FERRY. A city in Belmont Counly, Ohio, on the Ohio River, nearly opposite Wheeling, W. Va., and on the Cleveland, Lorain and Wheeling, the Wheeling and Lake Erie, the Wheeling Bridge and Terminal, and the Penn- sylvania railroads (Map: Ohio, J 5). It is in a bituminous coal, iron, and limestone region, and has extensive manufactures of iron, steel, tin, glass, machinery, heaters, shovels, stoves, boxes, and barrels. Walnut Grove Cemetery is interest- ing as the burial place of persons prominent in the history of the settlement of the Ohio Valley. Settled about 1709, Martin's Kerry was incor- porated as a village in 1865. It is governed under a charter of 1885, which provides for a mayor, elected biennially, and a unicameral coun- cil. The waterworks and electric-light plant are owned and operated by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 0250; in 1900, 7760. MAR'TINSVILLE. A city and the county- seat of Morgan County, Ind., 30 miles south by west of Indianapolis; on the White River, and on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and Saint Louis and the Pennsylvania railroads (Map: Indiana, C 3). It is widely noted for its artesian mineral well.s, which have been found valuable in the treatment of rheumatism and kidney disor- ders, and it has several large sanatoriums. The industries are represented by foundries and ma- chine shops, and flour and lumber mills. There are municipal water-works and an electric-light plant. Population, in 1800, 2680; in 1900, 4038. MARTINUS SCRIBLERUS, mar-tl'nus skrib-le'rfls (Neo-Lat.. Martin Scribbler). An extensive satire on the abuses of learning, ar- ranged from miscellaneous contributions by Pope, Swift, and Arbuthnot. Of these Miscellanies, Avbuthnot, who was one of the finest wits of the day. furnished the principal part. The work was never completed. See Arbuthnot, John. MARTIUS, mlir'tsi-us, Karl Friedrich Vui- LlPP VON (1794-1868). A distinguished C,er- man traveler and naturalist, born and educated at Eriangen. He went to Brazil as a member of a scientific expedition sent out by the Austrian and Bavarian governments, and by his researches in that country acquired a reputation second only to that of Huinboldt. He was specially intrusted with the botanical department, but his researches extended to ethnography, statistics, geography, and natural science in general; and his works, published after his return, exhibited a poet's love of nature and great powers of description. He was professor of botany and director of the Botanic Garden at Munich. His works are: Reise mieh Brasilien (1824-31); Nora Genera et Species Plantarum (1824-32); and Icones
