MASSAGE. 167 MASSENA. it may be handled willi suiiie rougliness, -without evoking' painful sensutiuns. The aeutest suffering is ot'len alleviated bj- persistent frietiun of a gentle kind. The state of spasm of a muscle is relieved and relaxation iiulueed by persevering rubbing of the affected muscle. These results are no doubt due to the fact that the gentle titillation of the cutaneous branches of the nerve.s (end- organs) has so far lowered their irritability that they cease to receive and transmit painful im- pressions. Among the ali'ections which may be either cured or temporarily relieved by massage are wakefulness and nocturnal restlessness, sim- ])le headache, or even severe paroxysms of neu- ralgia, tic douloureux, hemicrania, migraine, spinal pain, infantile paralysis, progressive mus- cular atroph}', chronic joint affections, synovitis, contractions, and deformities, and thickening from inflammatory deposits in joints and other tissues. 8ee JIovememt Ci'BE. Consult: Graham, A Treatise on Massage (New York, 18!)0) ; id.. Recent Developments in Massage (Detroit, 1893) ; Mitchell, Fat and Blood, and How to Make Them (Philadelphia, 1884); Schreiber (trans, by W. Mendelssohn), Treatise on Massage (Philadelphia, 1887). MAS'SAGE'T.ffi (Lat., from Gk. Maffcay^rai.). A nomadic people who anciently inhabited the broad steppes to the east of the Caspian Sea. Herodotus says that the.y practiced group-nuxr- riage; that they sacrificed and devoured their aged people; that they worshijied the sun. and offered horses to him ; that they lived on the milk and tlesh of their herds and on fish ; and that they fought on horseback and on foot with lance, bow, and double-edged axe. Cj'rus the Great is said to have lost his life in fighting against their Queen, Tomyris, in B.C. 520. MASS ASIANS, or MESSA'LIANS (Gk. ilajjaXiifOi., Massalianoi, from Syr. Maslhi, they who pray, from sali, to bow). A party of wan- dering fanatics, of both sexes, who without well- recognized leaders came from Mesopotamia in the fourth and fifth centuries into Ai'mcnia, Asia Minor, and Syria, and caused great .scandal by begging and their idle mode of life. They re- nounced njarriage and seem to have believed that by means of long continued prayer such spiritual exaltation could be obtained that they came into some sort of contact with the Trinity. Hence the name given to them, meaning the pr.nying people. They do not seem to have been heretical. The Greeks called them Euehites. MAS'SASAU'GA (Nortli American Indian name I . 'I'lic small ground rattlesnake of the Central United States. See Rattlesnake. MAS'SASOIT (1580?-1661). A celebrated sachem of the Wampanoag or Pokanoket Indians, whose territory embraced nearly all the southern part of the present Massachusetts, from Cape Cod to Narragansett Bay. His tribe was .said to have been very large at one time, but to have been almost exterminated by disease, so that. on the coming of the whites, it numbered only about ."inn. On ^larch 2-2. 1021, he visited Plym- outh with sixty warriors, and on behalf of the Wampanoags concluded a treaty of peace and mutual protection with Governor Carver. Tliis was sacredly kept by both sides for more than fifty years, and Massasoit himself remained the steadfast friend of the colonists until his death in 1661. He lived at Pokanoket, within the pres- ent to«ii of Bristol, K. I., where commissioners from the adjacent settlements often visited him. MASSE, ma'sa', F£lix Marie, called Victor (1822-84). A French dramatic composer, b(M'n at Lorient (JNIorbihan). He studied under lla- ley and Zimmcrniann at the Paris Conserva- tory, and won the Pri.x de Rome in 1844, his com- position in the competitive examination being Le regenat. In 1860 he was appointed chorus- master at the opera, and six years later became professor of composition at the Conservatory. By this time he had become one of the command- ing personalities of French musical life, and in 1872 became a member of the Institute. He died in Paris, Jul,y 5, 1884. A statue of him was erect- ed in his native town in 1887. Masse's music is distinguished for its grace and gayety and its attractive poetic quality. His best operas are: Les noces de Jeanctte (1853) ; Galatie (1854) ; Lafiancie du diahle (1854) ; Les saisons (1850) ; and Faiil ct Virginie (1876). MASSENA, niiis-se'na. A village in the town of the same name, in Saint Lawrence County, N. Y.,. 36 miles northeast of Ogdensburg; on the Grasse River, and on the Grand Trunk of Canada and the New Y'ork Central and Hudson River railroads (Map: New Y'ork, F 1). The town includes also Massena Centre and ilassena Springs, the latter a popular watering place. Massena has a public library, and among other features of interest are the Saint Lawrence Power Company's huge concrete power-house and high- way bridge (412 feet span and 65 feet above water). The power plant of this concern in 1001 was equipped to generate electrical energy equiva- lent to 35.000 horse power, and the scheme as projected admits of a very considerable expansion in the event of an increased demand, the water- power development possible here being, next to that of Niagara, the greatest in the United States. The water power is obtained by means of a canal 3 miles long, 200 feet wide, and 18 feet deep, starting at the head of the Long Sault Rapids on the Saint Lawrence and enipt3'ing into the Grasse River. Settled about 1792, Massena was incorporated in 1803. Population, in 1890, 1049; in 1900, 2032. MASSENA, ma'sa'nii', Andr^, Duke of RivoH, Prince of Essling (1758-1817). A marshal of France, born at Nice, May 0, 1758. In his youth he was a ship-boy in a small vessel and after- wards for fourteen years served in an Italian regiment in the pay of France, but left the service in 1789 becau.se his birth precluded him from promotion. He was married and settled at Nice when the French Revolutionary wars began, but he at once volunteered and soon rose to be chief of battalion. In December, 1793. he was niade a general of division. He distinguished himself in the Italian campaigns of 1794-95, particularly at Loano (November 23, 1795), and in 1796 was put in command of the advance guard of the Army of Italy. He won renown at Arcole (November 15-17, 1796) and Rivoli (.Tanu.'irv 14. 1707). Bonaparte called him 'the favorite child of victory.' Massena resigned his command on account of charges of rapacity, but at the close of 1798 he was put in command of the anny in Switzerland which operated against the allied Austrian and Russian forces. He defeated the Russians under Korsakoff at Zurich. September 25-20, 1799. In 1800 he was charged with the
