MASSILLON. 169 MASSON. young King Louis XV., lor wliiili occasion he eora- poscil liis celebrated inlit cdiuiic — a scries of ten sermons preached in 1718. It was not until 171!) that he was consecrated bisliop, in which year also he was elected a member of the French Academy. In 1723 he preached tile funeral oration of the Duchess of Orleans, his last public discourse in Paris. From this time he lived almost entirely for his diocese of Clermont, where his charity, gentleness, and amiable dis- position gained him the afi'cctions of all. He died of apoplexy at Clermont, September 28, 1742. His works, consisting mainly of .sermons and other similar compositions, were collected in lifteen volumes, by his nephew, and published in 174o-4t!: later editions have appeared in great numbers, the best being that of the Abbe Guillon (Paris, 1828), and that of Blanipiguan (ib., ISSG). The latter has also published a biography of the great preacher, -1/o.s.si7/oh d'aprcs drs (loriiiitcnts iiudits ( ib., 1879). MASSINA, mas-se'na. A State of the French Sudan, situated on the Upper Niger south of Timl)iiktu. Hs area, boundaries, and population arc all uncertain. It belonged originally to the empire of the ilandingoes. but in the beginning of the nineteenth century it was overrun by the Fulb'. who founded a kingdom with the capital at Banjagara. and were the ruling class tmtil the French occupation in 1893. MAS'SINGBEKD, Francis Charles (1800- 72). Chancellor of Lincoln. He was born in Lincolnshire ; was educated at Rugby and at Magdalen College, Oxford, and after graduation with high honors, entered the Church and became rector in 1825 of South Ormsby in his native coimty. He was made a prebendary in Lincoln Cathedral in 1847, and chancellor in 1862. As chancellor he strove to improve the practical efliciency of the cathedral. He was early and prominent in the movement for the restoration of the deliberative functions of convocation, with reference to which he published in 1833 Reasons for a Session of Convocation. In addition to many papers and discussions on ecclesiastical subjects, he was the author of: Church Reform (1837); The Educational and Missionari/ Work of the Church in the Eighteenth Century (1857) ; Bistort/ of the Leaders of the English Reforma- tion ('l842) : The Law of the Church and the Law of the State (1859) ; Lectures on the Praijer- Book (1804) ; and a Sermon on Unity, with an Essays on Religious Societies (1868). MASSINGER. mas'sin-jcr, Philip (r,H3- 1040 1. An En^^lish dramatist, son of Arthur Massinger, a retainer of Henry Herbert, second Earl of Pembroke. The elder Massinger was edu- cated at Saint Alban Hall, Oxford : was after- wards a fellow of Jlerton College, and member of Parliament. Philip entered Saint Alban Hall in 1002, but he left without a degree in 1606, the year in which his father probably died. Jlas- singer went to London, probably not before 1610. and began writing for the stage. The ex- tent of his work has not yet been definitely de- termined, for he collaborated on a large scale. He seems to have written single-handed ahovit fifteen plays, and in conjunction with others fully twenty-five. His most common collaborator was Fletcher; and many of the plays they wrote to- gether must he sifted from those that have long passed under the name of Beaumont and Fletcher. Massinger studied his art well, and thus ad- justed his plays to the stage jierhaps lietter than any of his contemiioraries. His best-known comedy, A Xew Way to Pay Old Vcbts (first per- formed between 1622 and 1626), kept the stage well on into the nineteenth century. Sir Giles Overreach, the leading character in the play, is without much doubt a portrait of a notorious extortioner of the time named Sir Giles Monipes- son. Indeed, political satire is one of the char- acteristics of Massingor's plays, particularly of licliere as You- List, The Emperor of the East, The Maid of Honour, and The Bondman. In the last play (performed late in 1623 or early in 1624), the object of attack is Buckingham. Good examples of Massinger's power are The Virgin Martyr (partly Dekker's) and Barnarelt (partly Fletcher's). Through his life he kept up friend- ly relations with the Herberts. From Philip, the fourth Earl of Pembroke, he received, it is said, a pension of £30 or more. He died at Southwark, in March. 1640, and was buried in the Church- yard of Saint Saviour's. There is no satisfac- tory edition of Massinger. The best is by Wil- liam Giflord (4 vols., 1805; second ed. 1816; re- printed by Cunningham, 1867). Consult also: Dramatic Works of Massinger and Ford, ed. by H. Coleridge (London, 1840; revised 1883); Selected Plays, ed. by Symons, for "Mermaid Series" (London, 1887-89)"; and for Massinger's share in plays ascribed to Beaumont and Fletch- er, Transactions of Xew Shalccspeare Society (London, 1880-86) ; also Fleay in the last-named publication (ib., 1874). MASSMANN", miis'man, Hans Ferdinand (1797-1874). A German philologist, well known for his studies in Old German language and lit- erature. Born in Berlin, he studied there, and, after serving in the War of Liberation, in .Jena, where his radical ideas and 'demagogic' sym- pathies brought him into difficulties with the au- thorities. In 1826 he became a teacher at the Eoyal Gymnastic Institute at Munich, and after- wards was chosen professor of Old German at the university. At Berlin, whither he had gone in 1842 to introduce gymnastics in the Prussian service, he received another chair in Teutonic philology. Massmann's writings include editions of Deutsche Gedichte des 12. Jahrhunderts (1837- 42) ; Kaiserehronik (1849-53) ; of the works of the Gothic Bishop mfilas ( 1855-.56) , and of Taci- tus's Germania (1847) ; and Oeschichte des mit- telalterlichen Schachspiels (1839) and Littera- ttiv der Totentdnze (1840). MASSON, ma'soN', Antoine (1636-1700). A French engraver, born at Loury, near Orleans. He learned designing as an armorer's apprentice, and had no other teaching. Afterwards he en- tered the Academy, and was the master of Pierre Drevet. His most celebrated portraits are those of the "Cadet a la Perle," Gaspard Charrier, and Dupuis. "The Pilgrims of Emniaus" after Ti- tian, known as "The Tablecloth" from the ex- treme care with which he has rendered the tex- ture of linen, Is his most famous subject. MAS'SON, David (1822 — ). A Scottish au- thor, born at Aberdeen. December 2, 1822. He was educated at Jlarischal College, Aberdeen, and at the L'niversity of Edinliurgh. At nine- teen he became editor of a Scotch provincial paper. In 1847 he settled in London. He was editor of Macmillan's Magazine from 1858 to
