MATTERHORN. 192 MATTHEW. of its abrupt ii>t' above lUv yicat range of which it is the ^eiilinel peak. The vast ghieiers around it have their upjwr sources in snuvvs at the foot of this niiglily crag, which rises on its northerly face in a slieer precipice nearly 4000 feet above them. Previous to 1805 it was deenied impos- sible of ascent, but it.s ascent is now made less perilous by a hut built at a height of 12..'vJ() feet, and by the familiarity of the guides with the most dangerous points, and the means to sur- mount them. Consult: Tyndall. Iloiii:i uf Exer- cise ill the M/is (London, 1S71): Whymper, 4(Cra»i()/(.v AiHuiHixt the Alps (ib.. 1871). MATTESON, mat'trson, Tompkin.s H.bri- SON (lSi;i-84). An American portrait and genre painter, born in Peterborough, X. Y. His works are usually of subjects taken from early Ameri- can history. They include "Spirit of "TO," bought bv the AiiiericanArt I'nion: "Kirst Sabbath of the Pilgrims:" "At the Stile" (I8G9) ; and "Fod- deriii- l';ittlc" ( 1809). MATTEUCCI, mat'tft-v'ch*, Carlo (1811- 08). An Italian scientist, born at Forli. Ro- nuigna. He studied the physical sciences, and through the inlluence of Humboldt was made professor of physics in the University of Pisa. He devoted himself especially to the investigations of the physiological elt'ects of electricity, and published his results in French, English, and Italian journals of science. He also wrote: Lezioiii di fisirit (4th ed. 18.51) : Lczioiii sui fcnomcni fisicochiiiiiei dei corpi vivciiti (2d ed. 184C) ; and Coiirs special siir I'iiidiictioii, le magnetismc de rotntion. etc. (1854). In 1848 he was made Senator by the Grand Duke of Tus- cany, and in 18C2 he held for a few months the jmrtfolio of Public Instruction in the Rattazzi .Ministry. MATTHAEI, mat-ta'e, Cubi.stiax Fbikdrich (I744ISII1. A (Jernuin classical pliilologist, born at (jrijst, Thuringia. and educated at the I'niversity of Ix'ipzig. From 1774 to 1784 he vn.s professor of classical literature at the Uni- versity of Moscow. In 1789 he was made ])ro- fessor of Ori'ek at the I'niversity of Wittenberg. He published many vahialih' nianuscrijits from the -Moscow Library, a codex of Homeric hymns, and edited I'liitarchi Lihelliis dr Siipcrstitionc rl Driiiiislhrnis Onitio Fiiiirbris in Lnudcm Athrnimsium <yiii pro Patrin I'ugnando Crrsi Sunt lid ('iKTioneam. He also edited, among other works; (Irriiorii Thessalunirnsis A'. Orii- lioncs (1770). and .Yoriim Testoinentum XII. Tomis ni.illni tiiin flrircc rt Latinc (1788). MATTHESON, miit'tft-sAn, Joiianx (1081- 1704). . (lirnian composer and writer on music, born at Hamburg. In 1('>97 he entered upon his career as a singer, and two years later sang one of the rftles ami also conducted at the harpsi- chord his first oix-ra. /)iV I'lii/iidrn. From 170:i dates his aequamtancc with Handel. In 1700 he obtained the post of secretary to the F.nglish Legation. In 1715 he was appointed miisiral director and canon at the Haudiurg f'athedral. and while there did much toward developing the then unknown form of clmri'h cantata, and made the innovation of introducing female sing- ers into his choir. In 1719 he also bei'amc Court chapel master to the Hiike of Hidstein. From 1728, when deafness caiised him to resign the post of nuisical director at the catbeflral, to his death, he devoted himself largely to writing. His compositions are unimportant, but he made many excellent translations of Eng- lish works on politics and jurisprudence. A man of wide culture, his historical works are remarkable for their catholicitj" of view. Most notable are: Das neti-emffnete Orclieslcr, oder yriindliche Anleituiig (1713); Critica Miisica (1722); Das forschende Orcheeter (1721); De Eriiditiuiie Mtisica (1732) ; and Die neueste Un- tcrsiichuiiij der liinyspiele (1744). MATTHEW (Lat. Matthwus, from Gk. Mar- Oaios, .Uatthaios, from Heb. Matlitliyiili, Gift of Yahweh). The Evangelist, identical with the publican whom ilark and Luke calle<l Levi. He was the son of .l])ha'us. The Hebrew name JIatthew. probably meaning 'the gift of .Jehovah,' was perhaps a surname analogous to Ce|)has as added to Simon. He was early called to be a disciple and was afterwards numbered anmng the twelve Apostles. He was a publican, living at or near Capernaum, probably one of the subordinate class who were charged with collect- ing the taxes in a limited district. Having left all to follow Jesus, lie also made Him a feast in his house, at which a great multitude of pub- licans were present as invited guests (Matt. ix. 9-13, and parallels). After the record of his choice as one of the Apostles, given by three Evangelists — of whom only JIatthew sjieaks of himself as the publican — no mention is made of him in the Xew Testament, except in the group named in Acts i. 13. . tradition as old as the beginning of the .second century says that the Twelve continued in .Jerusalem about twelve years after the ascension. The statement of Eu- sebius, made long afterwards, that he preached to his own nation before he went to foreign countries, accords with this. Among the coun- tries mentioned by other writers are Ethiopia, Persia, Macedonia. Jledia, and Parthia. .Several of the earlier writers agree in numl>ering him among the few Apostles wlio did not sutler mar- tyrdom, though a later tradition allirnis that he, too, sealed his testimony with his blood. For his relation to the Gospel of ilatthew and for bibliography, see Mattuew, Gospel of. MATTHEW, Gospel of. The first of the four Gospels in the Xew Testament. After a preliminary narrative containing an account of the divine announcement to Joseph of the coming birth of .Icsiis. the visit of the Magi after that birth, the flight of .Joseph and his family into Egypt, Herod's massacre of the children, and Joseph's return (ehs. i., ii.). a brief resume is given of the ministry of .John the iiaptist, leading up to .Tesus' baptism by .lobn anil His temptatiim in the wilderness (iii.-iv. 111. The narrative proper then l>egins with .Jesus' with- drawal to Galilee and His active entrance upon His work. The record of this work is diviiled into three i)rincipal parts: (a) His ministry in (ialiliH? (iv. 12-xv. 20) ; (b) His ministry in the rcginns north and east of Galilee (xv. 21-xvii. 20) : (e) His ministry in .Jerusalem (xxi.-xxv.). These parts cover practically the same events as the main portions of Mark and Luke, but the evcids themselves are arranged in a way peculiar to this (Jospcl. The chronological order is apparently al)andoned for the topical order. As a result, after a short introductory passage (iv. 12-25) there is presented a group of discourses, treating of the Slessianic Kingdom — the composite ad-
