MAYHEW. 218 MAYNARD. the age of twenty-one, and had the oversight of five 01' six Indian assemblies, which he continued for sixty-four years. Having tliorouglily mas- tered the Indian hmguage, which he had learned in infancy, he was emploj-ed by the fSociety for the Pro|]agation of the Gospel in New England to make a new version of the Psalms and of the Gospel of John, which lie did in 1709 in ]iarallrl columns of English and Indian, lie inil)lished Indian Converts (1727), comprising the lives of thirty Indian preachers and eighty other converts, besides a volume entitled (Irace Ucfcnded. Con- sult Hallock, The Venerable Mayhcw and the Aboriginal Indians of Martha's Vineijard, con- densed from Rev. E. Mayhew's History of Indian Converts and brought down to date (Xew York, 1874). — His son. .Joxatiiax, wa.s distingiiislie<l as a preacher and patriot (see il.wirEW, .JoN.- Tii..N ) . — Another son. '/,ACii.m.u, was mission- arv to the JIartha's Vincvand Indians from 1707 to' his death. March G, isOG. MAYHEW, He.nry (1812-87). An English author. ?on of a London attorney. From West- minster School he ran away to sea, making a voyage to Calcutta. On his return he was ar- ticled to his father for three years. In con- junction with Gilbert a Beckett, he started the Figaro in London, a comic weekly ( 1831-30), and The Thief (1832). 'a paste and scissors' journal, and was one of the founders of I'uneh (1841). He made a hit with Tlir ^yaHdering Minstrel, a one-act farce ( 1834). which was followed by But However (1838). written in conjunction with Henry Baylis. Along with his brother ArcrSTUS (1826-75), he wrote several clever fictions, as The Greatest Plague of Life (1847) ; The (load (lenius that Turned Everything to Gold, a fairy tale (1847) ; Whom to Marry (1848) : and Liv- ing for Appearances (18.5.5). His most imjiortant work was a series of articles in collahoraticm with .John liinny, written to make known the actual condition of the lower classes in London. Originally appearing in the Morning Clironicle, th^y were collected in 18.51 under the title Lon- don Lalniur and the London Poor. In 18.5G the series was continued in monthly numbers with the title The Great W(rrld of London (completed and published in 18G2 as Criminal PrLfons of London). — His brother Horace (181G-72) was also a well-known humorist. He wrote farces and tales and was for a time subeditor of Punch. MAYHEW, .ToN'ATiiAX (1720-Gr.). An Ameri- can (■Icigymaii. born on the island of JIartba's X'ineyard. Mass. He graduated at Harvard in 1744. studied theology-, and from 1744 until his death was pastor of the West Church (Congre- gational I. Koston. He became one of the best known preachers in Xew England and his influ- ence on the political views and theories of the colonists in the pre-RcvoIutiimary period was probably greater than that of any other clergy- man. Dr. Mayhew was an ardent believer in the rights of the .Xmerican colonies, and expressed his views with great boldness from his pulpit. Tn January, 17.")0, he preached a sermon on the execution of Charles 1.. in which he dc'chired that all allegiance was liniiteil by certain inalienable rialits that could not be abrogated by the sover- eign without giving a corresponding right of abrogation to the subject. His fearlessness led to his being bitterly attacked by the Tories, who charged him, without warrant, with lieing the instigator of the Boston Stamp Act riots that resulted in the sacking of Governor Hutchin- son's house. In May, 1760, he preaclicd a Thanksgiving sermon for the repeal of the .Stamp Act that was a remarkable jilea for civil and religious liberty. Later in the same year and only a short time before his death he wrote to .lames Otis a letter which probably contains the earliest suggestion of a union of all the colonies. Tlic subsequent institution o'f committees of corre- spondence undoubtedly had its inception in Dr. Mayhew's plan. His sermons were published sep- arately in pamphlet form and in collections. Among them were: Seven Sermons (174!)) ; Dis^ course Concerning Unlimited Submission and Kon-I{esistance to the Higher Poivers (1750); Sermons (1756); and Sermons to Young Men (1707). Consult Bradford. .Memoir of the Life and Writings of the I'cv. Jonathan Mayhew (Boston, 1S:!S). MAYHEW, Thomas ( 15!)2-1082') . An American colonial Governor. He was liorn in England and was a merchant in Soutbampton be- fore he emigrated to America in 1031. He set- tled in Watcrtown in 1030. obtained in 1041 from the agent of Lord Stirling a grant of Martha's Vineyard and the neighboring islands, and in 1042 liecame both patentee ami (iovernor of the granted district. His sun Thomas having been called to the ministry at Eclgartown, Governor Mayliew encouraged his work, both by his advice anil by inducing the Indian sachems to govern their people according to the English laws. After his son's death. Mayhew continued the ministra- tions, and organized an Indian church. For forty years while he lived among them the English and Indians were at ])eace. He died in Martha's 'ineyard in ilarch, 1082. MAY LAWS. The name applied to a series of laws enacted by the Prussian Diet in May, 1S73, marking the opening of the conflict be- tween Church and State generallj' known as the Kulturkanipf (q.v.). MAYNA, mi'na. or MAIN A. A group of tribes constituting a di-tiiict linguistic stock, ujion the Ipjier ilaranun (. iazon) between the Santiago ami Pastaza rivers on the Peru-Ecuador frontier. Their language is particularly harsh and dillicult. A part were gathered in missions during the eighteenth century, but the majority are still wild and unsuliducd. living by bunting and fishing. The name is also fre(|ucntly used collectively to include all the tribes of the Icayali and ITuallaga region, the former Peru- vian Province of Maynas. MAY'NARD, EiiwAHn (1813-01). An Ameri- can drnial --ingeon and inventor, born at Madi- son. N. v., of Puritan ancestry. He eiitcnil the I'niteil States .Military .Academy at West Point in 1831. but his delicate constitution caused him to resign and take uj) the profession of dentistry, a calling which he followed more or less from 1836 to 18i)0. in the city of Washington. D. C. In 1846 he made known his discovery of the great diversity of situation, form, and capacity of the maxillary antra. He n<n exploited the existence of dental fehriles and demonstrated that sensitive dentine could be cut with h'SS sufTering to the ]ialient by operating in certain directions than in the opposite ones; a fact sub- sequently demonstrated by the microscope. In 1838 he introduced the method of filling llie
