of arms, ainiminition, and supplies, and in 1785 he revisited Anieriea. The correspondence be- tween liinj and Jellerson was renewed after tliis second visit, anil in April, ITttti, Jellerson wrote lo him the fanions 'ilazzei letter.' In it he liit- terlv attacked tlie Federalist leaders (including, !>- implication, Wasliington) for their 'monar- chiwtic' tendencies, and declared that democracy was heini; het rayed by "men who were Samsons in the Held and Solomons in the council, but who have had their heads sliorn by this harlot, Kng- land." The letter was translated into Italian and publislied in an Italian paper, translated into Frencli and published in the Munitcur at I'aris, where it was seen by an American by whom it was translated into English, and sent to the United States, where it appeared in print in May, 1797, soon after JefTerson's inaugura- tion as Vice-President. Its publication raised a furor among the Federalists, who, in their feel- ing against .Jefferson, even suggested his impeach- ment, ilazzei subsequently became a privy coun- cilor to the King of Poland, and later in life was pensioned by the Czar of Russia. He wrote Uecherches historir/ues et poUtiques sur les Etats- Cnis lie VAmerique septentriotmlc (1788).
MAZZINI, mat-se'ne. Gu'SEPPE (1808-72). Italian patriot prominently connected with the struggle for Italian unity and the republican movement throtighout Europe. He was born in Genoa. .June 28, 1808. studied at the University of Genoa, and practiced law in his
native city. In 1827 his first essay in litera-
ture. "Deir amor patrio di Dante," appeared
in the Liberal journal // t^'iibnlpino; and he sub-
sei|nently contributed critical, literary, and
jiolitical papers to the Antologia of Florence
and the Iiidicatore Genorese. In the pages of
the latter originally appeared the essay sub.se-
ipiently republished under the title of ficritti
(I'mi UaUano virenie. In 1830 Mazzini joined
the Carbonari (q.v. ) and at once became an
active and inlhiential member. He was soon
arrested, detained for six months in the fortress
of Savona. and tinally liberated on condition of
his departure from Italy. After short resi-
dences in several places, he made his home in
Marseilles, and thence addressed to Charles Al-
bert of Sardinia the famous letter which caused
him to be eondenined to perpetual banishment.
Having become convinced that the Carbonari was
not erticient for the work of Italian regenera-
tion. JIazzini now undertook the organization
of a new liberal league. Young Italy (18.31).
This organization sought to secure the over-
throw of all existing Italian governments and
the iniion of the peninsula under a republican
government. In addition to its paramount aim.
the general principles of this association enforced
the obligation to labor for a common moral
regeneration and the establishment of political
equality over the world. Liberty, equality, and
humanity were the watchwords of the body;
education and insurrection the great agencies
of its o])erations; assassination was erased
from its statutes, and the symbolic dagger of
I lie Carbonari was replaced by the more hunianft
emblems of a book and the cypress. Tlie white,
red. and green tricolor flag of the society became
that of the new Italian nation. Mazzini was the
animating spirit of this league, which was the
parent of similar associations adapted to the
individual requirement of the various European
nationalities. In 1834 Mazzini planned an armed
invasion of Savoy from Switzerland, and on Feb-
ruarj' 1st an attack was made on .some cuslnm-
liouse ollicials at the frontier of Savoy; but the
undertaking failed utterly. In 1837 Mazzini
quitted Switzerland for England, and took up his
residence in London. There he maintained in-
cessant activity in literary propaganda, and was
in touch with ])olitical agitators of his own coun-
tiy, Poland, and other countries. He wrote nmch
for various periodicals, on literary subjects, com-
numism, education, music, etc. After the Febru-
ary Revolution of 1848 JIazzini went to Jlilan,
where he was a resolute ojiponcnt of the proposed
annexation of the smaller Italian States to Sar-
dinia. He retired to Switzerland on the capitu-
lation of Milan to the Austrians,only to reappear
in Florence on the rising in Tuscany. He became
a member of the Provisional Government, and
when, almost simultaneously, Rome was pro-
claimed a republic, he was sent there as a
Deputy, and was elected triumvir. On the tak-
ing of Rome by the French troops under Oudinot,
he went to Switzerland and thence returned to
London. He bitterly attacked the course of
France in public letters to De Tocqueville and
others. At his instigation, as president of the
Italian National Conuuittee, risings in Jlilan
(1853) and in Genoa (1857) were attempted. In
1859, while lending the wdiole weight of his in-
fluence to the revolutionary movements going on
in Italy, he comI)ated the threatened French in-
tervention. He assisted in organizing Garibaldi's
expeditions of 18(10. 1802, and 18G7. Though re-
peatedly elected by Messina to the Italian Parlia-
ment, Mazzini refused to take his seat under a
monarchical government. In I8GG the Italian
Government abrogated the sentence of death un-
der which Mazzini had been living for many
years, but he refused to accept a "pardon for
having loved Italy beyond all earthly things."
In 1808 he fell into a dangerous illness, from the
effects of which his health never recovered,
though his zeal remained as ardent as ever.
After an ineffective scheme for a republican ris-
ing in Sicily in 1870, Mazzini ventured to enter
Italy, and was arrested at Gaeta, where he re-
mained a prisoner till Rome was occupied by
the Italian army. On his death, at Pisa, March
10, 1872, the Italian Government accorded him
a public funeral. Of the value of Jlazzini's
services to the cause of Italian independence
there are widely difTering opinions. Republican-
ism was a cardinal principle with him. to which
he adhered with inllexible tenacity, never being
willing to yield his personal conviction to the
actual necessities of Italy as did Manin, Gari-
baldi, and Crispi. Hence he antagonized the Sar-
dinian monari'hy, and obstructed the work of
Cavour. His impassioned writings often led less
noble spirits into deeds that he would not at
all apjirove. Mazzini possessed in the highest
degree that personal fascination by which friends
are converted into ardent partisans. In his pri-
vate life he was a model of purity and frugal
simplicity, as in his public career he was con-
spicuous for disinterestedness and self-abnega-
tion.
A comprehensive edition of Mazzini's works, in eighteen volumes, IfrrUti edile ec! iiicdite, appeared in Milan, 1801-01. Editions of his letters were published at Jlilan in 1875. at Rome in 1885, and at Ttirin in 1888. Consult:
