MICHAtTD. 432 MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI. Voltaire and Rousseau, uud half espoused Repub- licanism. He was, however, at heart a conserva- tive and a Royalist. His true opinions soon showed forth in his contributions to the three Royalist pajK-rs, the (Jozille U niversellt the Poslillon de la Guerre, and the Courrier Uepub- licain. In 1794 he founded the Quotidienne, and after the fall of Kolicspierre he contributed ar- ticles so openly favoring the Restoration that on October 27, 17!t5, he was condemned to death, and only escaped by liavinp this sentence eom- niuted to one of banishment. He passed four years in Switzerland and in Southern France, occupied in light literary work. In 1791) he re- turned to Paris. In 1800, in partnership with a younger brother, he undertook the publication of the Bioijrniihic vtodcrne, in which the public men who had taken an active part in the great revolution were painted in the darkest colors. His work Tableaux hi«lori(jue« des troi.s pre- mieres croinndex began to ajjpear in 1S12, though not completed until 1822. Michaud was made member of the French Academy in 1812: the pre- vious year lie bad founded, with his brother, the Biographie unnersclle. He also collaborated with Ponjoulat in editing the Collection de memoires pour scrvir a I'histoire de France, which began to appear in IS.SO. In the Dernier rer/ne de liuciiaparle (ISl')). Michaud made a valuable contribution to Napoleonic history. He died at Passy, September 30, 1839. In 1792 Jlichaud wrote a work. Vapotheoxe de Franklin, of interest to .-Americans. Consult Sainte-Beuve, Cau.ieries du lundi, vol. vii. MICHAUX, me'shfi', Andb6 (1746-1802). A French botanist and traveler. He was l)orn at Satory, and studied science under the botanist Jussieu. In 1770 he traveled in England, and the next year through .uvergne and the Py- renees, anil, on his return to Paris, introduced several new varieties of Spanish grain and other plants. In 1782 he was sent to Persia on a scientific mission. From 17S5 on he traveled extensively in North .mirica cm a similar mis- sion at Government expense. but the French Revo- lution compelled him to return for want of funds. He was shipH-recked on the voyage to France, and lost nearly all his specimens. In 1800 he sailed for Madagascar, where he died. His most important publications are Flistoire des chenes de VAmeriijue seplentrionule (1801) and Flora B'irenli-. mrrirnna ( 1803) . MICHAUX. Francois Andr^ (1770-1855). A Frencli Imlanist. .son of .Vndrf Michaux. He acconipanuil hi-* father to the United States, and his Histoire des arhrcs forcstiers de VAmfrique seplenlrionale (1810-13) contains the result of his explorations and gives an account of the distribution and the scientific classification of the principal .merican timber trees, lender the title The S'nrth American Kiilra it was trans- lated by Hillhouse. with three supplementary volumes on the trees of the Rockies by T. Nuttall (1841-49). MICH'EL. n.vN (i.e. Dominus or Master Miih.wli OK NnTiTiio.TE (fl. 1340). An English translatiir. Nothing is known concerninc bis personal history except that he was a lirother in the cloister of Saint .ustin of fanter- bury. In 1340 be eonipleteil his translation of La soniwe des rices ct des rcrltis. a moral treatise, foundeil on Le miroir du mondc (c. 1250), and written in 1279 by Frerc Lorens, a Dominican monk, for the use of Philip the Second of France. The translation is entitled the .i^eii- bite of Inicit (the again-biting of the inner wit), or the Remorse of Vunseienee. The work gives a detiiiled exposition of the Ten Commandments, the twelve articles of faith, the seven petitions of tlie Lord's Prayer, tlie seven gifts of the Holy Spirit, and the seven heads and ten horns of the beast in the AjMcalypse. Interesting in itself, it is of great linguistic value, as it is written in the dialect of Kent. Consult the edition by Morris, E.irly English Text Society (London, 1866). MICHEL, me'shel', Frakciscjue Xavieb (1809-87). A French historian and anticpiary. He was born in Lyons, and educated there. He went to Paris, and in 1830 he was sent by Guizot to England to examine documents pertaining to the ancient history of France. In 1837 he was in Scotland on the same mission. He edited many monuments of old French literature, among them the Chanson de Roland and the Rdnnm de In rose, llis historical works include Uistoire des races maudites de la France et de I'Fspagne (1847) ; Les Ecossais en France et les Franfais en Ecosse (1862) : Reeherehes sur le commerce pendant le moyen-aqe (1852-54) ; Le pays basque ( 1857 ) . MICHEL, Francois Emile (1828—). A French painter and writer on art, born in Metz. He was the pupil of Migette and Marf- chal. the glass painter, and began to exhibit in 1853. His works include "I'ne gardeuse d'oies" (18.53), in the Nantes Museum: "Xuit d'ftf- (1872). in the Nancy Museum; and "Semailles d'automne" (1873) an<l "La dune pr&s de Haar- lem" (1885). both in the Luxembourg. He con- tributed articles on art to the Gazette des Beaux- Arts and other periodicals, and his separate pub- lications include: Le musfe de Cologne (1883); />fs musees d'Allemagne (1885): Rembrandt ( 1880) : Hnbbema et les pat/saflistes de son temps en IJollande (1890) ; -laeob ran Ruiisdael et les paifsaiiistes de Veenle de Haarlem (1890). He was ciocted a member of the Institute in 1892. MICHEL, Loui.SE ( lS.39-1905) . An anarchist agitator, called the Red Virgin. She was the iliegitimate daughter of the master of the Cha- teau of 'roncourt. in the Department of Marne. France; received a good education from her father and went to Paris, where she taught school till the rising of the Communists in 1871. She joined them, fought among the insurgents, and was taken ]irisoner by the Versailles tronps. Tried by <-owrt-martial, she was i-dndeiiined t" death, but her .sentence was comnuited to transportation to ew Caledonia. Freed in 1880, she devoted her- self to agitation among (he poor in Paris, and was sentenced in 1883 to six years' imprison- ment. On her release in 1886 she went to l^ondon. whence she continued to carry on her propaganda. In 1895 she returned to Paris. She published two novels, two plnys. and Iut Memoires (1886). MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI, m*'- kfd-iin'jclA bwtVna r'.'t. ( Micir.vh:!. Axoelo) (1475-1564). A Flnrentine sculptor, painter, architect, and poet, the most prominent artist of the lliu'li Rennissance. and the most influential ficnire In modern art. He was born at Caprese, March 6, 1475. the son of T.odovico Buonarroti, His family, the BuonarrotiSimoni. held small landed possessions, and had long been honorably
