MILAN I. 483 MILDEW. King from 18S2 to ISS'.i. He was born Au{,'ust 22, ISoi. at Manas»ee, Kuniania, and was educateil at Paris. The assassination of Prince ilicliael 111., in 18G8, caused his recall to .Servia, where he was proclaimed Prince. A council of regency adniinistereil the government till lie was eighteen. The revolt of Servia against the Otto- man power, its alliance with Russia in the Kusso- Turkish War (q.v.), and its resulting indepen- dence and recognition as a kingdom ( 1H82), made his reign mcmoraljle. In 1875 lie married Na- talie Ketchko, the daughter of a Russian colonel, and his tjuarrels with her and his personal vices deprived him of all prestige. In ISSS he was il- legally divorced, and on March G. ISS!). he abdi- cated in favor of his son Alexander. He became reconciled to Natalie in 1893. and died at Vienna, February 11, 1901. See Servia. MILAN DECREES. See Continental System. MILANES Y FTJENTES, me'la-nas' 6 fwan'tAs. .JosK .Iaci.nto (1814-031. A Cuban poet, horn at ilatanzas. His lirst verses ap- peared in the Aguinaldo lluhancro (1837), and were favorably received. From this time his work was well known. His early life had been, one of poverty and hardship, but afterwards he obtained a satisfactory ])osition. and was able to travel abroad in 1848. He had been the victim of a mental disease for some time, and during the last years of his life was quite insane. The poetrr of ililanes is contemplative and melan- choly, and, like that of his fellow jioets Ileredia and Pliieida, saddened by the thought of his coun- trv's wrongs. Kditions of his poems were pub- li-^hed at Havana (lM4()t and New York (18U4). MILA Y FONTANALS, mC-lii' e fin'ta-nills', JIa.m EL (1818-84). -V Spanish historian of lit- erature, born at Villafranea del Panades. He was appointed professor in the liiiversity of Barcelona in 1845. The influence of his philo- Bopliical studies is apparent even in so early a work as his Arte poHicn (1884). This was fol- lowed by the liomancrriUo Catalan (1848), a col- lection of the lyrics of his native region, and bj' the Elemcnlos dc Uteratura and the Tcoria lite- raria. which apply philosophical methmls to the study of literature. His Olism-ariniim xohrr la pnrxia pojiular appeared in 1853. His noblest productions are Lou troiailorrs en Enpnna ( 18G1) and l.a pnenia herniro-popular (1874). Consult Rubio y Ors, yotiria <lr In rida )i cscrilox de D. }taniiri Milii y Fontanals (Barcelona. 1887). and the edition of bis Olirax roniplctax. prepared by M. Meni'ndez y Pelayo (Barcelona, 18S5). MILAZZO, m.*-lat'sft. or MELAZZO. A city in the Province of Me^-ina. Sir ily, HI miles by rail west of the city of .Messina, at the base of a narrow peninsula, four miles long (Map: Italy. K 9). It has a very large and safe harbor which in bad weather serves as a refuge for vessels that have just left or are trying to make the northern entrance of, the Strait of Messina, It has a city hospital, a technical school, a city li- brnry. n municipal theatre. It markets wine, fish." cattle, fruit, and sulphur, and has a con- siderable foreign trade. Population (commune), in 1881, 13,('i9n; in 1001, 1(!.422. .Milazzo is on the site of the ancient Myhe, founded prior to the eighth century n.r, by colonists from Messina, A great naval victory was won here over the Car- thaginians in B.C. 200 bv O. Duilius, The cro^vll- ing point of Garibaldi's victorious Sicilian cam- jiaign was his defeat of the Neapolitans here, .July 2(1, l.Si;(). MIL'BURN, William Henry (1823-1903). An American clergyman. He was born in Phila- delphia, and studied at Illinois College, He entirely lost the sight of one eye and partially that of the other while he was a boy, and finally became wholly blind. He became a traveling preacher in the ilethodist Episcopal Church in 1843, and was appointed to circuits in Illinois and the South, with .several appointments at Montgomery, Ala,, in 1848, and .)obile in 1850, and for two years after 1852 preached in an in- de])eiident church. He was ordained a deacon in the Protestant Episcopal Church in 18(i5. and priest in 18tit!. but returned to the ilethodist Church in 1871. lie was elected chaplain of Congress in 1845 and 1853, chaplain of the Hou.se of Kepre.scntatives in 1885 and in succeeding terms, and was cliaplain of the Senate from 1893 to 1902. He pul)lished h'i/lc. Axe, and Haddtr- bags, Symbols of ^Vestl•rn Character and Civiliza- tion (185(!) ; Ten Years of Preacher Life, Chap- ters from an Autobiography (1858); Pioneers, Preachers, and People of the M ississippi 'altey (I8(>0, comprising lectures given at the Lowell Institute in 1854) ; The Lance, Cross, and Canoe in the Valley of the Mississippi (1893), MILDER-HATJPTMANN, inM'der-houpt'- man, An.na Pai i.tnk (17S5-1838), A German opera singer, born at Constantinople, the daugh- ter of an Austrian attache. She studied under Tomascelli and Salien in Vienna; made her lirst appearance in that city in 1803, but was at the height of her power in Berlin (1815-29). She toured Russia. Sweden, and Denmark at the close of her stajic career, MILDEW (AS. meledeaic. honeydew, from 'mele, (ioth. milip, Lat, mel, Gk, /lAi, meli, honey + deair, dew). A somewhat indclinite term used (o designate a number of plant diseases that are caused by fungous jiarasites, as well as spots caused by microscopic fungi on cloth, paper, leather, glassware, etc. In England the term as applied to plant di.sea.ses has a much wider sig- nificance than in the I'nited States. It is there made to include what are known in America as cereal rusts and smuts, as well as many other diseases not recognized as due to the mihlews proper. In the United States the mildews are divider! into two classes, the true or powdery mildews, due to fungi belonging to the order Erysiphaceir. and the false or downy mildews caused by fungi of the order Peronnsporaceie. The powdery mildews attack the leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits of many of our most valued plants. For the most part they form superficial flour like patches of white upon their host plants. The fungus most commonly develops over the surface of the leaves and sends minute suckers through the epidermis, by which they absorb nourishment from the host. They cause distorted and stunted jjrowth, and often the death of (he part of the plant affected. During the summer the fungus sends up numerous branches, which bear myriads of one-celled spores called eonidia, by which the mildew is rapidly spread to other plants. Later in the season thick-walled resting spores are prudiiced, by wbi<h the fungus is car- ried through the winter. These spores have ap- pendages of various kinds, by which they retain
