MILITARY EDUCATION. 491 MILITARY INSIGNIA. School of Aiipliialioii for Cavali}' and Field Artillery, at Fort Kiley, Kan.; (e) the Army Medical School, W ashington, D. C. The (ieneral Service and Statl' College (q.v.) is at Fort Leav- enworth, Kan., and the War College (q.v.) at Wasliington Barracks, D. C. A general super- vision of all the diH'erent schools enumerated above is exercised by the War College Board. Ollioers' schools at military posts and the Gen- eral Service and Staff College are ojicn to Na- tional (iuard and volunteer oflicors, as well as to graduates of military schools and colleges wliicii liave had Regular Army otiicers as instruc- tors. (For other .schools, see Akmy Sciiooi,.>?. ) Consult The Military iichools of Europe (Mili- tary Information Division, War Department, Washington. lS!l(i). MILITARY ENGINEERING. See Engi- XEERIMI. MlIJlAKV. MILITARY FRONTIER. See Frontier, JIlHIARY. MILITARY GOVERNMENT. The admin- istration of territory taken from the enemy which is authorized under martial law (q.v.). It is under this power, arising from the necessity of the case, that provisional governments are instituted in conquered territory. All proceed- ings of government under martial law are. within the scope of their authority, as legal and consti- tutional as any other military proceedings. MILITARY HONORS. Compliments paid to certain olficers. orticials. or other distinguished persons. See S.^li'tes. MILITARY INSIGNIA. Devices used to di>tinguisli the various corps, branches, ranks, and grades of the military and naval services. In all the armies of the world it has been found necessary to employ badges and devices to mark the necessary distinctions incident to such organi- zations. The term insignia is here employed to include such badges, devices, etc., in contradis- tinction to equipment, clothing, etc. The custom in Europe is a natural result of the evolution of the various countries both politically and uiili- tantly. and in the case of England ))articularly the badges, mottoes, and devices used by the various regiments are emblematic of conspicuous incidents in their history and not infrequently have been taken in battle from some regiment of the enemy. Connneneing with the insignia distinguishing the various grades of rank. German usage may he described at length, seeing that its system in a large measure obtains in every other army in Europe. Throughout the Imperial Army the epaulets of all commissioned ranks are crescent- shaped. The various grades are distinguished as follows: (1) General field-niarshal, two batons (staffs of command crosswise over each other), (2) General-in-Chief, three stars. (3) General of the infantry, cavalry, or artillery, colonel, captain, two stars. (4) Lieutenant-general, lieu- tenant-colonel, first lieutenant, one star: major- generals, majors, and second lieutenants do not wear a star. Second and first lieutenants and captain wear epaulets having a golil rim but no trimming: colonels, lieutenant-colonels, and majors wear epaulets with gold rims and silver trimming. The general field-marshal, general- in-chief. lieutenant-general, and major-general are distinguished by the silver rims and silver trimming of the epaulets. The non-commissioned Vol. Xllk— :i2. raidis are distinguished by the gold or silver lace on the collars, cuffs, and facings of the tunics. t)n the shoulder-strai>s is the number of the soldier and tlie monogram of his reginu'Ut. The various arms of the service are also distinguished by the color of the tunic lace; for instance, in- fantry regiments have red lace. On the right side of every tJernian soldier's helmet is placed the black, white, and red cockade of the German Empire, while the cockade on the left side indi- cates the particular State of the (Jerraan Con- federation to which the regiment belongs, as fol- lows: Prussia, black-white; Bavaria, wliite-sky blue; Hamburg-Bremeu-Lubeck, white with red cross; Saxony, white-green, Wiirttemberg, black- red; Baden, yellow-red; Hesse, wintered; ilecklenburg, sky blue-yellow-red; Oldenburg, white-dark blue witiL red cross ; Saxe-Weimar, yellow-green ; Brunswick, sky blue-yellow ; An- halt, green ; Saxon duchies, green-white ; Lippe, yellow-red; Schaumburg-Eippe, white-red; Wal- deck, yellow-red ; SchwarzburgSondershausen, white-dark blue; Schwarzburg -Uudolsta-dt, dark blue-white: Reuss. yellow-red. Other distinguish- ing marks between the various .services of the German Army are found in the color of their uniform, for which see L'niform.s, Military. In the British Army insignia plays an impor- tant part. It is used as much to encourage esprit de corps as a mark of distinction between regi- ments. There is a large degree of variety in the badges in use among the various regiments of the army, most of them reminiscent of stirring periods in regimental history. In 1836 the King commanded that an account shovild be published concerning the insignia, badges, devices, etc., of the regiments of the army, together with the particulars recounting the reasons for their ex- istence. The result was a very excellent liistorr of the British Army. The introduction of the territorial system in 1881 destroyed in a measure the individuality of the regiment and made it a part of the territorial district to which it was assigned. In the effort to still further bind the regiment and its district together the attempt was made by the military administration to abolish much of the insignia formerly character- istic of the different regiments. The attempt, however, created so much op])osition and ill will among all ranks of the army that a compromise was effected, and 'to-day nearly all the old de- vices are employed, the expense usually being borne by the odicers of the regiment. The au- thorized and unauthorized ba<lges include the royal arms (in the case of the giiards and all other regiments distinguished by the prefi.x 'royal' ) , the whole or part of numerous orders, and other royal honors. Still others are purely regimental, i.e. badges distinguishing regiments of the same arm, as castles, arms of counties and cities, the Prussian eagle, the French eagle, the death's head, the elephant, the antelope, tiger, dragon of Wales, dragon of China, the sphinx of Eg'pt (this is worn by the thirty regiments who served in the first English expedition against the French in Egypt), the Paschal Lamb, the white horse of Hanover, the white horse of Kent, the lion of England, a gun. a grenade, the bugle (all light infantry and rifle regiments are distinguished by this badge), the bear and ragged staff, the figure of Britannia. Saint George and the dragon, the harp and crowni. the shamrock (as in the case of the newly formed Irish guards) ,
