MIBACLES. 580 MIRAMON. 1873) ; Trench, Xotts on the Miracles of Our Lord (ib., 1840) : Mozk-y, On Miracles, Baiiiptoii Lectures (ib., 1870) ; Bushnell, Nature and the Hupernaturul (newed., Xew York, 1870) ; Drum- Diond, Sutural Law in the Spiritual World (ib., 1883), and two answers to Drum- uiond — Cockburn, The Laws of Xalure and the Laws of God (ib., 1880) ; Laing, Mod- ern Science and Modern Thouyht (ib., 1885); !Moore, ticiencc and the Faith ( ib., ISSO) ; Liddon, Home Elements of Religion, Bampton hocturos (ib., 1872) ; Christlieb, Modern Doubt and Chris- tian Belief (Edinburgh, 1874) ; Westoott, The Gospel of Life (London, 1893) ; lllingworth, Divine Immanence (ib., 1898) ; Bender, Der fVunderhegriff des neuen Testaments (Frankfort, 1871): Lias, .ire Miracles Crediblet (London, 18831 : ilcCosh, 7'he tSiipernatural in Ifelation to the Xatural ( ib., 1802): VVestcott, Characteris- tics of the Gospel Miracles (Cambridge, 18.59) ; Stemmeyer, The Miracles of Our Lord in dela- tion to Modem Criticism (Kng. trans., Kdin- burgh, 1875) : Fisher, Grounds of Theistic and Christian Belief (New York, 1883) ; Bormiot, ^yunder und ticheinwunder (Regensburg. 1897) ; Taylor, The Gosprl Miracles in Their Relation to Christ and Chrislianitif (New York, 1880) ; .Mill- ler, Xiilur und Wunder, ihr (lefiensal: und ihre Barmonie (Freiburg. 1802); id., Das Wander vnd die GeschicJitswissensehaft (ib., 1898) ; Hogan. Clerical Studies (Boston. 1898); Temple, The Relation Between Relir/itm and Science, Bampton Lectures (London. 1884) : Bruce. The Miraculous Element in the Gospels ( ib., 1887) : Row, Chris- tian Eridences Vieu:rd in Relation to Modern Thought (ib., 1877) ; Abbott, The Kernel and the Uusk (ib., 188G) ; Huxley, "The Value of Wit- ness to the Miraculous." in Christinnilii and Agnosticism (New York, 1899) ; Wiite, history of the Warfare of Sdencf with Theology ( ib., 1896). MIRAFLORES, uic'rano'ras. Manuel de I'.VMxi. Marijui<, and Count of Villapaterna (17921872). A Spanish statesman. He was born at Madrid, was sent as ambassador to Lon- don in 1834, and was ambassador at Paris in 1838-40. In 1840 he was Premier, and in 1803 again filled the same ofTice. He wa.s ambassador to Vienna in ISOO. and was several times ])resi- dcnt of tlu' Senate. He wrote a numlicr of works which are of value for the jiolitic.Tl history of 8pain in the nineteenth century. The most im- portant is a Hislon/ of the First Seven Tears of the Reign of Isabella II. (1843-44). HIRAOE, inT-riizli' (Fr., from mirer, to gaze). A i)lieiiciiMencin extremely conunon in certain lo- calities, and due to eimditions existing in the at- mosphere. As a result of a deviation of the rays of light caused by refraction and rellection. ob- jects seen with the eye appear in innisual positions and often multiple or inverted. One cause of mir- age, such as occurs in a clesert. is a diminution of the density of the air near the surface of the earth, often produced liy the radiation of beat from the earth, the denser stratum being thus placed ahore, instead of. as is usually the case, below the rarer. Now. rays of light from a distant ohjeet. situated in the denser medium (i.e. a little above the earth's level), coming in a direction nearly par- allel to the earth's surface, meet the rarer rnedium at a very obtuse angle, and (see Lionx) instead of passing into it. they are reflected back to the dense medium, the common surface of the two media acting as a mirror. The image produced by the rellectcd rays will ap|icar in- verted, and below the real object, just as an image rellected in water appears wlu'n observed from a distance. If the object is a cloud or por- tion of sky. it will appear by the rellected rays as lying on the surface of the earth, and bearing a strong resemblance to a sheet of water: also, as the rellecting surface is irregular, and con- stantly varies its position, owing to the constant communication of heat to the upper stratum, the reflected image will be constantly varying, and will present the appearance of a water surface ruflled by the wind. This form of mirage is of common occurrence in the arid deserts of Lower Kgypt. Persia, Turkestan, etc. In the case of mirage at sea the denser layers of air are next to the surface of the water, and the redeclion takes place from the rarer atmosphere al>ove. Conse- quently we have the object appearing in the air suspended and inverted. Sometimes images of ob- jects are seen not above one another, but side by side, caused by the existence of bodies of air of different densities in proximity. In particular states of the atmosphere reflec- tion of a portion only of the rays takes place at the surface of the dense medium, and thus double inuiges are formed, one by rellection. and the other by refraction — the first inverted and the second erect. The phenomena of mirage are fre- quently niuch more strange and complicated, the images being often much distorted and magnified, and in some instances occurring at a considerable ilistance from the object, as in the case of a tower or church seen over the sea, or a vessel over dry land, etc. The particular form of mirage knowTi as looming is very frequently observed at sea, and consists in an excessive apparent elevation of the object. Consult Miiller, I.ehrbuch der kos- misehcn Phgs-ik (Brunswick, 1890). MIRAMAR, me'ra-miir'. An imperial palace anil public pleasure resort on the Gulf of Triest, six miles northwest of Triest (q.v.). MIRAMICHI (mir'A-m/*she') RIVER. The second l!irL'i'~t river in Xew Brimswick. Canada. It is formed by the junction of the northwest and southwest Miramichi (Map: New Bnmswick, C 3). It flows, after a course of about 100 miles, into the Bay of Miramichi, a part of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Pine woods abounding with gnuH' line the banks of the river, which is navi- g;ible for vessels of modern size for a distance of 40 miles from its m«uth. The fishing is excellent, salmon and trout abound, and there is a State fish breeding establishment on one of the tribu- taries, MIRAMON, me'r:Vmon', :^fIG^-EL (1832-67), A Mexican general, of French descent, born in the City of Mexico. He was edicate<l for the army, and fought against the Cnited States at Molino del Rev and Chapultepec. He saw much active .service during the fifties, and was promoted to be a lieutenant-cnloncl in 1S55. He was one of the leaders of the opposition to Comonfort (q.v.) in 1856. and supported Zuloaga, the representative of the clerical and reactionary party, in the move- ment which forced Comonfort to retire to the I'nited States in 1858. Later in the same year ne was chosen acting President by a Junta de Xola- hies, hut, contrary to the expectations of the junta apparently, he turned the office over to Zuloaga
