MODJESKA. 648 MODULATION. lish the Polish Couutess made lier debut in San yranoisco (July, 1877) as Adiienne Lecouvreur. She won u .surprisiiij,' success, and was soon seen in New Voik in the same play. In 1880 she made her London deltut in the part of Caniille. In 188!) and 18!t0 she starred with Edwin Bootli, with whom she had already in 188^ appeared in Romeo and Juliet. The list of her roles is a long one, but her greatest devotion has been to Shakespeare, from whom are many of her mast notable impersonations, among them Ophelia, Rosalind, Viola, Imogen, Cleopatra, and Lady ilacbeth. Her great natural gifts, always or- dered by high ideals and the most careful study of her art, have gained her as a tragic actress a foremost rank upon the American stage. Con- sult: Strang, Famuun Actresses of the Day in America (Bcxston, 1899); McKay and Wingate, Famous American Actors of To-day (New York, 189G) ; Gilder, in Actors and Actresses of Great Britain and the United States, ed. bv Matthews and Hutton (New York, lH8(i). MOBLING, nied'Iing. A town of Lower Aus- tria, situated at the foot of the WienerwaUl, ten miles south-southwest of Vienna. The nianufa<'- fures consist of iron products, railway supplies, footwear, etc. Population, in 1890, 10,9.'i6; in 1900, 15,.104. MO'DOC. A small but warlike and aggres- sive tribe, formerly ranging about Lower Kla- math Lake and Lost River, an<l on the extreme northeast frontier of California. The name is said to mean 'aliens' (i.e. enemies), having been given by some one of the neighboring tribes. They call themselves .lal;hl,s, 'people." and with their northern neighbors, the Klamath, whose language they speak and with whom they origi- nally formed oye tribe, are at present classified as a distinct linguistic stock known as Lutua- mian, but they ma.v, however, eventually prove to be connected with the Shahaptian stock. At some earlier jieriod they seceded from the parent Klamath trilic and established themselves on Lost River. Their houses were round log structures, covered with earth, and their women were expert ba.sket-weavers and cradle-makers. The Modoc made no alliances, but were at war with all the weaker surrounding tribes, and carried on a regular slave trade by selling their raptives to the Coluiiiliia tribes in exchange for ponici. They were of vigorous vitality, and kept up their nuinlH'rs in spite of smallpox and con- stant wars with both Indians and whites. They came into early <ollision with the California immigrants, ami a chronic warfare was inau- gurated, marked by wholesale massacres on both sides. In 1800 they were severely defeated by troopi* under Captain Lyon. In 18.52 they mas- sacred a number o/ settlers, for which terrible retaliation was made by a band of miners under the notorious lien Wright, who invited their warriors to a feast and peace conference, and treacherously murdered forty-one of the forty-six who responded. -Mlhougb thus diminished by nearly half their fighting force, the Modoc recom- menced the war of extermination, which continued until 1804, when they entered into a treaty by which they agreed to go upon the Klamath reservation in Oregon. By this time they had been reduced to nbput 2.50. Finding their posi- tion there intolerable by reason of the persecution and insults of the Klnniath, who considered them as rebels, the majority under a younger leader known as Captain .lack (q.v.) left the reserva- tion and returned to tlicir old home on Lost River. Thej' were induced to return on pioinise of protection, but linding themselves again sub- jected to the same persecution without olhcial redress, thej' returned to Lost River, leaving only ali'out 100 behind under the old hereditary chief Skonchin. Orders were given to the troops to bring them back, and on November 29, 1872, the final -Modoc ivar was begun by a night attack on Captain .lack's cam]). The ilodoc retreated to the Lava Beds, just across the line, where they so intrenched themselves in the labyrinth of vol- canic rocks that four hundred regular troops were twice forei'il to retire with heavy loss with- out being able to come near enough even to see one of their concealed enemies. A peace com- nii.ssion to confer with the hostiles was then appointed, consisting of General Canby. Rev. -Mjr. Thomas. and Indian Superintendent Meacham. They met the bead men of the Modoc on -pril 11, 1873. .lack repeated bis demand to remain on Lost River, and on Canby's refusal, drew his revolver and shot him dead. .t the same moment the other warriors fired, killing Thomas instantly and severely wounding Jleacham, but were driven otf before they could finish the work by the ar- rival of the troops whom Canby had kept hidden within easy reach. The war was continued under (ieneral Davis until the hostiles were finally starved out and compelled to surrender two months later. -V ])art of the surrendered hostiles were returned to their kindred on the Klamath reservation. Oregon, while the rest were transported to the Quapaw reservation in Indian Territory. Those on the Klamath reservation now number 225, and are apparently fairly prosperous and advancing and coalescing with the Klamath. Those on the (Quapaw reservation number .50, having decreased about one-half since the re- moval. See Klamath. MO'DRED. The nc])hew of King Arthur. Tinny-iiii represents him ambitious to gain the throne, and after revealing Guinevere's unfaith- fulness to the King, he stirs up a revolt, during which .Arthur is slain. MODUGNO, mo-dTio'nyd. A to%vn in the Prov- ince of Baridelle Puglie. Italy, about five miles southwest of liari. It markets good fruit, wine, and oil. Populatioii. in 1901 (commune), 11,- SSo. MODULATION fin Alusic) (Lai. modulatio, from iHoduliiri. to regulate, from modulus, dimin- utive of iiHidus. measure, manner). The process of changing from one key to another within the same composition. In a movement of even the smallest dimensions monotony would result if the composer should confine himself strictly to one key. There are two kinds of modulations, /lassiny and /irnil. Passing modulation intro- duces chords belonging to other keys only inci- dentally and soon returns to the original key. But when a piece modulates so that the original key is abandoned and a new key takes its place, the modulation is final. In the sonata-form (see Sonata) the first development of the principal subject confines itself only to passiur/ modula- tions. A final modulation occurs at the entrance of the secondary subject (generally to the dominant key). The .second or de- velopment section is concerned entirely with
