MONGOLIAN RACE. 723 MONISM. Miiller, Unter TiinyusLii uud Juktileti (Leipzig, 1882) ; Radloff, Aus t^ibirieii (Leipzij,'- ISS-t-lKi) ; Martin, Sibirica (Stockholm, 1807) ; ilunzinger, Oif Japaner (Berlin, 1898) ; Jacob, Ocstlicho Kulliirelemenle iin Abendlande (ib., 1902) ; Rcn6- Sifert, Jaitnes et blancs en Chine (Paris, 1902) ; Haberer, Scluidel und Skelelteile aus Peking: IJiii Beilrag zur somatischen Ethnologic der Mongolen (Jena, 1902). MONGOLIAN SPOTS. A term applied by auatoniieal anlliropoloj;ists to certain temporary pignient-spots, bluish, gray, or blackish in color, found particularly in the sacro-Iuinbar region and on the buttocks" of new-liorn children, so fre- quently as to be regarded as a characteristic of the Mongolian races. These spots usually disappear between the ages of two and five, al- though they not infrequently last until the sev- enth year, and are occasionally found even in adults. Some anthropologists regard these spots as the most important distinctive race-eliaracter- istic of the Mongolians. They have been reported from Chinese. Japanese, Koreans. Indo-Chinese, Malays and Polynesians, ilalagasy, Ainu, Tun- gns. Kalmucks, Mongols, as well as among Eskimos, Mexican Indians, and even in full- blooded Europeans. It has been suggested that they may be rather a mark of the Indonesian than of the Mongolian race, but at all events, in view of the fact that they are by no means con- fined to the Mongolian race, and may possibly turn out to be quite common even in the white race, for the present their value as a real race- characteristic is very doubtful. Consult Wardle, "Evanescent Congenital Pigmentation in the Sacro- Lumbar Region," in the American Anthro- Ifolot/ist, vol. iv. (Xew York, 1901). MONGOLIAN StTBREGION. In zoiigeog- rapliy. a subdivision of the Palearctic Region, which includes the tablelands of Central Asia, from the Caspian Sea to .Japan. Its separation from other Asiatic faunal regions is mainly on ornithological grounds, and is neither distinct nor important. MONGOOSE. One of the various spellings of MlNXOOS (q.v.). MONG PAI, meng pa'e. The southwestern- Miipst of the feudatory Shan States of British Burma. Estimated area, 1000 square miles. Population, about 17,000. MONG PAN, meng pan. An eastern State of the feudatory Southern Shan States, British Burma (Map: Burma C 2). It is named after its village capital. Area. 2299 square miles. Population, estimated at 9000. MONIER DE LA SIZERANNE, mA'n.va' (r l.-i sAz'ran'. il.MEiCE (1837—). A French philanthropist, born at Tain. He became blind at an early age, and was educated at the .Teunes .veugles, an institution in which be was made a professor in 1873. He compiled a bibliography of books especially printed for the blind, and devoted all his energies to the alleviation of their lot. His own works include: Les aveugles utiles (1881): Jean Guadet et les areugles (ISS.t); Les aveugles par un nveugle (1888); and Dix ans d'etudes et de propagande en faveur dcs a veiigles ( 1 890 1 . MONIER-WILLIAMS, mo'ni-er wil'yumz. Sir .MONIEB (1819-99). An English Sanskrit Bcliolar, born at Bombay. He entered 0.ford University in 1838, but soon obtained an Indian writership and studied at the East India Col- lege, Ilaileybury, where he gained the first prize in all the" t)rienlal sulijects. He resigned his Indian appointment, however, returned to O.K- ford, and graduated in 1844. He taught at Ilaileybury and at Cheltenham, and in 18(j0 be- came Boden professor of Sanskrit at Oxford. His main work while at O.xford was the foundation of the Indian institute, completed in 189G. of which he was curator till his deatli and to which he gave a valuable manuscript collection. .iMong his works are: .1 I'raclieal tlrainmar of the iiunskrit Language (4th ed. 1877) ; An Eng- lish and Sanskrit Dietionary (1851),; Indian Epic Poetry (18(i3); an edition of Sakuntala (2d ed. 187(i), and a translation of this drama (Cth ed. 1890) ; .1 Sanskrit and English Diction- ary (1872); Indian Wisdom (3d ed. 1870): Modern India and the Indians (1878); Budd-
- (isHi(lSS9) ; Rriihnianisni and Hinduism (1891).
MONISM (Gk. ;ti6TOs, monos, single). A phil- osophical term, in its broadest sense designating all systems of philosophy which define the sum total of reality as unitary, either in organization or in substance. It is thus opposed to dualism and pluralism. lu this broad sense, as itidicating merely the final unity of all reality, monism represents the ideal of nearly every system of philosophj'. and indeed by soiiie thinkers it is considered to be the only" legitimate philosophical ideal. In the history" of philosophy the first conscious eiTort to attain a monistic system appears in the teach- ings of the Eleatics. Among the lonians there had been philosophers who derived all phe- nomena from a single i)rinuil element, but the Eleatics were the earliest to assert the immutable unity of all that is real. They did not. however, definitely fix the nature of the unitary being. Tliat nature might be of two sorts — material or spiritual. The ancient Atomists advanced the doctrine of a material being, while Anaxagoras and Plato, although in neither case attaining a pure monism, clearly pointed the way of modern idealism. The first thoroughgoing monism, in a more ex- act and restricted sense, ajjjiears in the jihilos- ophy of Spinoza, after scholastic controversies had crystallized the conception of substance and at- tribute. Spinoza tauglit that both material and ideal phenomena are attributes of one underlying substance which forms the monistic reality. His doctrine is thus analogous to the 'mind-stuff' theory (q.v.), which teaches that nuxtter and mind are diverse aspects of one reality, and is generally identified as the modern 'scientific monism."' But materialism, if it asserts that mind may be identified with matter, is also monistic:" while idealism, denying the reality of matter, represents the opposing, complementary form of the doctrine. Idealistic monism is itself of two types, however. On the one hand, there is that type which identifies the monistic reality with some one psychical element — as in Schopen- hauer, who finds the essence of all things in blind will; and on the other, there is that type which unifies in a world-consciousness all the diversities of phenomena. Similar to this latter is the Hegelian monism which expresses the unification in logical terminology, as the reconciliation of opposites in a higher synthesis.
