easily recognized sharactcrs of the mono-
cotyledons, however, are as follows: Woody
strands scattered in the stem, as in a corn stalk,
and not forming a definite cylinder, parallel-
veined leaves (not reticulately veined), and parts
of the flowers in threes (never in fives or fours).
None of these characters is without exception,
but their combination usually indicates a mono-
cotyledon, the linal test being the character of
the embryo. Formerly the members of the group
Aere called 'endogens,' bit the name has been
abandoned in this connection and is applied in
a totally dill'erent way. The whole assemblage of
monocotyledons numbers about 20,000 living spe-
cies, and among them are some of the most
conspicuous and useful of plants. As illustra-
tions the following prominent groups may be
mentioned: Pond weeds, grasses, palms, lilies,
and orchids.
MONOD. nuVno', Auolphe (1802-56). A French Protestant minister. He was born at Copenhagen, his father having been a Re- formed clergyman from (ieneva. He studied in Paris and Geneva, and was pastor of a small Protestant congregation at Naples ( 182.'5- 27). In 1828 he became pastor at Lyons, where he remained till 1831 and founded the Free Evangelical Cluirch. In 1830 he was appointed professor of theology at ^lontauban, and held this position for eleven years. During this time he traveled in Southern France, preaching and in- structing the people who were attracted by the power of his disi-ourses. In 1847 he became pastor at Paris, where he drew large crowds by his eloquent preaching. His literary works were chiefly sermons (4th ed.. Paris. 1866), and .1. Monod's Farewell to His Friends and 1o the Church (Eng. trans., London, 1857). Consult S. M. (a daughter) , lAfe and Letters of A. Monod (London, 1885).
MONOD, Fri5i)I5hic (1704-1S63). A French I'rote-tant, brother of Adolphe Monod. He was born in ilonnaz. Canton of Vaud. .Switzer- land: educated at Geneva: entered the minis- try in 1820. and the same year succeeded his father as pastor of the Xational Protestant Church of France in Paris. He established in 1824 the Arehires du Christianisme. the chief organ of the Evangelical French Protest- ants, and continued its editor until his death. After officiating twelve years as pastor of the ora- toire, he unite<l with Count Gasparin and others in an attempt to restore a rule of faith in the Reformed Church which would oxoludo rational- ists, by making an acknowli'dgnn'nt of the divin- ity of Clirist essential to ni(>mbersliip. Failing in this, they left the National Protestant Church in 184!) ami organized indepenilent cnngregatinn* which resulled in the formation of the Free Evangelical Church of France. During the Civil War in .America Monod warmly espoused the cause of the National Government.
MONOD, GvnRiKL (1S44— ). A French hi- torian. bfirn at Havre, lie studied at the Eeole Normale. and in Italy and Germany, and in 186!) began to teach at the ICcole des Hnutes Etudes, of which he became director. Monod was editor of the Krrur Critique and founded with Fagniez the Itevue Uintorique (18761. His publishe.l works include: Allemnnds el Frnn(:ais (1871) : Etudes eritif/ues sur les sources de Vhistoire mH-ovingienne (1872-86): a like volume on the Carolingian period ^18i)5); Jules Michelet (1875); liihliuifrapkie de Ihistoirc de France (18S8); and Lts iitaitres de I'histoire, Kenan, Taiiie, Michelet (1894). MONODELTHIA (Neo-Lat, from Gk. fibvoi, monos, single + SeX^us, delphys, wombi. The largest and highest of the subclasses of mam- mals, equivalent to Eutheria (q.v. ), This term, now passing into disuse, refers to the fact th.it the vagina and uterus in the female are always single. Compare Ornitiiodelpiiia; Didelpiii.x. MONODY (Lat. monodia, from Gk. /ioivdm, solo, lament, from //orof, monos, single + ifii/, Ode, song, ode, from iihiv, adciti. to sing). .
elegy in which the mourner is supposed to lament alone. Among the finest English examples of the monody are Milton's Lycidas, Tennyson's In Jlemoriam, and Matthew .rnold's tieholar-flipsy and Thyrsis.
MONODY. A style of nmsic which first was cultivated in Italy about IfiOO. Up to that time serious composers had always used polyphony (q.v.). The Renaissance awakened a deep interest in the works of the ancient Greek dramatists, and in Florence a number of learned nuisieians and literary men attempted to reconstruct the music of those plays. It was felt that the poly- phonic style, employing a number of voices, was not suited to accompany the words of a drama, where distinct enunciation of every word was the prime consideration. Attempts were made to write for a solo voice with instrumental ac- companiment. For this purpose famous madri- gals (see Madrigal) were arranged so that one part was assigned to the voice, while the others were played on some instrument. The inad- equacy of tills soon made itself felt, and com- posers began to write original compositions for a solo voice. This new style, employing only one voice, was called monody, as against polyphony, a style with many voices. The instrumental part of the earliest of these compositions is exceed- ingly primitive, consisting of scarcely nmre than a figured bass (q.v.). Hut with the establish- ment of the o|)cra the progress of monody was very rapid, Jlonody must not be con- founded with hoiiiophony (q,v. ), which is a later development, and which does not exclude elabo- rate contrapuntal work in the accompanying par|.^. MONCE'CISM (from Gk. poior, monos. single + oi'iiof, oitos, house). The word means pri- marily the condition of a 'single hou.sehold' in plants, which means that the male and the female organs occur upon the same indiviilual. In its origin;»l ap]>lication, however, it referred to the fact that in many seed plants the stamens anil pistils occur upon the same individual, but this application arose from the mistaken idea that stamens and pistils are sex organs. The con- trasting term is dioecism, referring to the con- dition in plants in which the male and female organs occur tijmn difTerent individuals. The application of the term to a non-sexual condition in the flowering plants is unfortunate, for it means that monoecism in mosses and ferns refers to one fact and in flowering plants to quite a difTerent one. .mong tlie mo-^ses the monopcious habit is very usual, the same sexual plant (gametophyte) bearing both sex organs (antheridium and iirehegonium) . .mong the true ferna moncecism is almost universal, the characteristic
