MONTROSE. ■73 MONT-SAINT-MICHEL. cultural produce, and lisli ; imports, timber :uid coal. Tile eity was chartered in the Iwelftli cen- tury liy JJavid 1. and wao made a ruyal luir^lr in tile fuurteentli eenturv. Population, in ISIU, 14,4(HI; in IIIOI, 12,-100." Consult ilitcliell, His- tory of Munlrosc (Montrose, 1866). MONTROSE, mon-troz'. A town and the county-seat of Jlontrose County, Colo., 3.j3 miles southwest of Denver; on the Denver and Kio Grands Railroad (Map: Colorado, D 2). It is situated in the Uneompahgre Valley, a district made highly productive by irrigation, and is en- gaged chielly in farming and fruit growing, though stock-raising also is an important indus- try. Population, in 18!)0, 1330; in 1000, 1217. MONT'ROSE. A borough and the county-seat of Susquehanna County, Pa., 38 miles north by west of iScraiiton: on the Lehigh Valley, the Lackawanna, and the Montrose railroads (Map: Pennsylvania, F 2). It is known as a sunnuer resort, having an attractive and elevated loca- tion, some 2000 feet above the sea. There are creameries, and manufactories of agricultural implements, saws, lumber, etc. Population, in 1890, 1735; in 1900, 1827. MONTROSE, mon-troz', J.^mes GR.iii..i, first Marquis of (1012-50). He was the son of John, the fourth Earl of Montrose, and his fam- ily can be traced back to 1128. He studied at Glasgow, and in 1626 .succeeded to his father's earldom. After studying and traveling for some years he became involved in 1637 in the national movement, for Charles I. had treated him coldl}', and the King's representative in Scotland, Ham- ilton, was vain and incapable. In 1638 was signed the National Covenant, which was to prevent the introduction of the prayer-book and the ascendency of the bishops in Scotland. In sup- port of the Covenant, Montrose took up arms several times, until the Ti'eaty of Berwick (.Tune 18, 1039) put an end to the fighting. About this time Montrose met Charles I., and partly through his personal influence, and also because the Scot- tish Parliament had fallen under the control of the radical Presbyterians, ilontrose became a supporter of the King, but changed sides again, as a result of Charles's blundering policy. In May, 1641, however, he threw himself completely on the Roj'alist side. Argj-11, the Governor of Scotland, was preparing to aid the English Par- liament, yet Charles would not jiermit Jlon- trose to begin an insurrection in Scotland until the Scots had actually begun the inva- sion of England in support of Parliament. Then, when it was too late, ^lontrose was appointed (1644) Lieutenant-General of Scot- land, and after he had made an unsuc- cessful inroad into Scotland from across the border, he was created, on May 6, 1644. Marquis of Montrose. On August 18th he again entered Sc(]tland, thi.s time in disguise, and won six pitched battles over the Covenanters. Montrose's tactics and ability to meet changing conditions ■were a revelation to his enemies, but he was nevertheless unable to range the Lowlands on the Royal side, and on Septendier 13. 164.'), he was defeated at Philiphaugh by D.avid Leslie: his army, composed of heterogeneous elements, melted away, and in 1640 Jfontrose escaped from the country to Bergen. He went to Paris, but could gain no support there. In 1640 Montrose again invaded Scotland, but was defeated at Invercarron on April 27, 1650. and ultimately fell into the hands of his enemies. He was e.ecuted on -May 21, 1650. .Montrose was an able man, of noble character. But as his armies were with- out disei|)line. he was un:dile to restrain their ravages, and his name and re|iiitatiiin have had to sutler in consequence. Consult Gardiner, The Oictit CiiU War (London, 1891). MONTS, moN, Pierre vv Guast. Sieur de (1560-1611). A French explorer and colonizer of Canada. He was born in .Saintonge, France, of an Italian Roman Catholic family, but was converted to Protestantism, and attached him self to Henry IV., who appointed him to an important otlice in the royal household. In 1603 the King made him Governor of the French Com- pany of Canada, which was given exclusive right to trade in furs between latitudes 40° and 50° X.. and the right to make land grants and govern the covuitrv, under the name of Acadia, with the title for himself of Vice-Admiral and Lieutenant- General. Taking with him Samuel Champlain, Poutriucourt, Biencourt, and Pontgrave as chief officers, he sailed from H.avre, Jlarch 7, 1604. After exploring the Bay of Fundj' they passeil the winter on an island at the mouth of the Saint Croix River, and in the summer of 1605 founded Port Ro,val on the present site of Annapolis. De Monts made Poutriucourt Governor of Port Royal, explored the Bay of Fiuidy. made Tadoussac in the Saint Lawrence his fur trade depot, and returned to France. There he foimd that his monopoly had excited such livelv opposition that his privileges had been withdrawn. He succeeded, however, in rec<ivering a part on more specific conditions and continuecl to send out expeditions to Canada, and in the course of one of these Champlain founded the city of Quebec in 1608. After Henry IV. 's death, m 1610. De Jlonts's privileges were taken away, to his financial ruin. He died soon after in Paris. Consult Parknuin, Pioneers of France ill the Vfir World (Boston, 1865). MONT-SAINT-MICHEL, mON sSn mS'shel'. A remarkable granite cone in the Bay of Cancale or Saint Michel, in the Department of Manche, France, near the mouth of the River Couesnon, here separating Brittany and Normandy, six miles southwest of Avranches (Map: France, E 3). It was formerly isolated, but since 1879 a causeway three-quarters of a mile long connects the Jlont with the mainland. Capped by an im- posing mass of monastic buildings itii a statue- tipped apex towering 233 feet above the level of the extensive bav, it forms the most striking feature in the landscape. The bay, left bare at low water, extends 8 miles from north to south with a maximum width at its mouth of 15 miles, and is noted for its quicksands and the treacher- ous rapidity of its rising tides. The base of the !Mont, two miles in circumference, is surrounded bv sixteenth-century ramparts, towers, and bas- tions. A single gate gives admittance to a sm;ill village on the southern slope, with medieval hotiscs, hostelries for pilgrims and travelers, an interesting museum, the famous Porte du Roi, Duguesclin's observatory, and an ancient parish church. The village is built along a narrow, winding street which, with numerous flights of steps, leads to the summit crowned bv the ab- batial castle surmounted bv a basilica or church with a lofty Gothic spire. The principal features of the abbey are the Crypte de I'-Vquilon, al-
