MONTT. 775 MONVEL. nuiulHT of the Senalors ;in<l Confriessmen eiu- barkeil ou the warsliips and organized a pro- visional government or jnnta. with Montt at its liea<l. The arni.v remained faithful tu Halma- ceda, but the majority of the people were hostile. An army of about 10,000 men was raised without niueh diflieulty by the Congressionalists. Toward the end of August the Congressionalist forces ad- 7ninistercd a severe defeat to their opjionents only a few miles from Valparaiso, and fol- lowed it up a few days later with a second vietoiy at Plaeilla, which finally destroyed lial- maceda's power. Montt tlien establislied a pro- visional government in Santiago, and called for the election of a new President, and Congress. This election, probably the first in the history of Chile that was not largely influenced by the party in power, resulted in the almost unanimous choice of Montt for President. The confidence thus shown in him was amply justified by his ad- ministration. He exerted himself to mend the breach made by the civil war, and granted am- nesty to all who had supported Calmaceda. He thoroughly reorganizcil the army and navy, placed the currency of the country again on a gold basis, and granted a large measure of local autonomy to the municipalities. In foreign af- fairs he endeavored to settle the boundary dispute between Chile and Argentina by providing for the submission of the question to Cireat Britain; but in this he was not entirely successful. On September 18, 1896, having completed the five years of his term of office, he quietly resigned the Government to Federico Errazuriz, who had been elected his successor. MONTT, M.NUEL (1809-80). A President of Chile. He was educated at the National In- stitute at Santiago, and was for a time rector of that institution. Entering politics. he held a number of State offices, and in 1841 became Minister of .Tnstice and Public Instruc- tion under the Conservative President Bulnes. One of his services while holding this position was the establishment of the University of Chile. In 18,t1 he was elected President of the Republic over the Liberal candidate. General Cruz. The party of Cruz at once broke out in rebellion, but on December 8, 1851. were defeated in the san- guinary battle of Longamilla. and after a time the revolt was crushed. Montt, was reelectoil in 18.50, and served until 1801. I'nder his admin- istrations the railway from Valparai-.o to Santi- ago was begun, gas was introduced into the prin- ci]ial towns, schools and libraries multiplied rapidly, and an astronomical observatory was es- tablished at Santiago. In 18.50 another civil war broke out, and was suppressed only after much fighting and the death of about .5000 men. At the time of his death, in 1880, Montt was presi- dent of the Supreme Court. MONTUFAR, mftn-too'fiir, Lorenzo ( 1823— ) . A Central American jurist, politician, and au- thor. He was born in Guatemala, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 184.5. At dif- ferent times he took an active part, often in the highest position. in the government of Guatemala, San Salvador, and Costa Rica, practiced law for a while in Lima, and served as Minister to the Ignited States, Peru, Spain, and elsewhere. He also did journalistic work, wrote books, was a judge, taught political economy, and participated in many revolutions. Among his published works are Critica del gobicnw scrvil de Guatemala (1854), and Memorius histdricas de Ceniro .liiiciica ( 1S81). MONTYOUr, mox'te-ox' (sometimes incorrect- ly MoxTiivo.N ), A.NTOi.NE .Jean Baptiste Robert AUGET, Baron de (1733-1820). A celebrated French philanthropist. He was born in Paris, December 23, 1733. His father having left him in possession of a considerable fortune, he made a wise and generous use of it. He became an advocate and was successively a counselor to the Grand Council, Master of Requests to the Council of State, and intendant of .uvergne, Provence, and La Rochelle. In 1775 he became a Councilor of State, and in 1780 he was ajipointed Chancellor to Monsieur, the brother of the King. On the outbreak of the Revolution Montyon emigrated, and resided first in Geneva and later in England, and did not return to France until the Bourbon Restoration. Throughout his wliole life he was generous with his wealth, relieving the poor and founding prizes for the encouragement of inven- tion and improvement in French arts and manu- factures, ilany of the jirizcs given by the Institute of France were founded or endowed by him, and he made large and munificent gifts to the hospitals and other charitable institutions of Paris. He was a prolific writer on historical, political, and economic subjects, but his works have become antiqmitcd, and he is chiefly remem- bered for his philanthroijy. He died in Paris, December 29, 1820. Consult: Franklin, F.loric historique de Montyon (Paris, 1834) ; Dumoulin, Montyon (ib., 1884) ; Labour, M. de Montyon d'afm-s des documents inedits (ib., 1880). For the difi'erent prizes endowed by Montyon. see Ix.sTiTrTE OF France. MONUMENT (OF.. Fr. monument, from Lat. monumentnm, monimentum, memorial, from moncre, to warn, admonish). Anything durable made or erected to perpetmite the memory of per- sons or events. The chief kinds of monuments are described under their special names. It is also used, by extension, of any large work of architecture or sculpture, such as a church, cas- tle, palace, monastery, etc. See Arch, Trium- phal; Brasse.s, Sepi'lchral; JIau.soleum : Ob- elisk; Pyramid; Sepulchbal AIounu; Tomb; etc. MON XJMEN'TA GERMA'NUE HISTOR'- ICA (Lat.. historical monuments of Germany). A great work on the antiquities of Germany, the chief source for the history of the Jliddle Ages. It was begun by the "Gesellschaft fur iiltere deutsche Geschichtskunde." founded in 1819, and after that body was dissolved the Prussian Academy of Sciences assumed charge of the en- terprise, to which the fJerman and Austrian gov- ernments gave financial suiqiort. The work pro- ceeds under various divisions — historians, laws, archives, documents, letters, chronicles, and an- tiquities, — of which forty-seven volumes were is- sued up to 1874. Since 1870 twenty vohimes of a Sew Archives have been in publication. The first volume was published in 1820 by the Hahnsche Ilofbuchhandlung in Hanover under the direction of Pertz. who was sueeeeded in 1874 by Waltz, and after bis death in 1880 by Diimmler. MONVEL, niox'vel'. The assumed name of Jacques "Marie BouTET (1745-1812). A French actor and dramatist, father of the famous Mile. Mars (q.v.). He made his appearance on the stage of the Comfdie Fran<;aise in 1770. He was
