MORALES. 78T MORAN-OLDEN. MORALES, iiM.-rii'lris. Llis UE, called el Uiviiio (u.l510-8(i). A Spanish painter, born at Bailajoz. He studied in N'alladolid or Toledo, and niixleled his style upon that of Michelangelo. His siilijects are always religious — hence liis sohriquet. His care for detail an<l clear brilliant colors suggest the early German ]iaintcrs, or the primitive Florentines. The "JIator Dolorosa," "Madonna," "Kcce Homo," ■Presentation," "Head of Christ." and "Christian Allegory" are in the Madrid Museum; "Christ Bearing the Cross" is in the Louvre, and an "Ecce Homo" is in the gallery of the Historical Society, New York City. MORALITY (OF. moraUle, Fr. moralite, from Lat. tnoralilas, morality, character, from morulis, relating to manners, from mos, custom). The third stage in the development of th(! modern drama, following upon the mystery and the miracle play (qq.v.). Essentially the morality was an ethical treatise cast in dramatic form. According to the usual plot, various personages, each representing a virtue or a vice, contend for dominion over an abstraction called Mankind. The virtues usually win. The serious character of the play was relieved by comic scenes and buf- foonery. The leading Vice, a sort of clown, in time became the centre of attraction, and is thought to have been the origin of the Fool of Shakespeare's plays. Besides the virtues and vices, however, allegorical personages were in- troduced, such as Riches, Good Deeds, Death; in fact, any human condition or quality. The French moralities adhered less strictly to these purely abstract qualities, and even the later English authors are more apt to use historical characters celebrated for the vice or virtue in question, as Aristides instead of abstract .Justice. Later still, as the passions of the Reformation were stirred up, actual men and women were shown imder very thin disguises. In other ways the morality was a distinct advance toward the regular drama. There being no prescribed plot as in the mysteries and miracle plays, it was necessary to create one, with a clear end toward which the action of the characters was to lead up. So close, in fact, did the morality come to the regular drama that it did not cease to be acted in England until almost the end of the reign of Elizabeth. In 1902 and 1903 i^vcryman, perhaps the best morality in English, was performed in England and in the United States by a company of English players luider Hen Greet. Though this play lacks swift- ness of action, its sincerity is unbroken; Its moralizing does not fall into platitudes, and various scenes, for instance the appeal to Riches, are poignantly dramatic. MORAL PHILOSOPHY. See Ethics. MORAN', KowMiu (1829-1901). An Ameri- can marine painter, born in Bolton, Lancashire, England. He removed with his parents while young to Philadelphia, where he became a pupil of .lames Hamilton, and of Paul Weber. After lSr>2 he studied in England and ou the Continent, returning to reside in New York in 1S(19, Among his best works are : "0itward Bound," "Launch of the Life-Boat" (1S(!.t); the "Coining Storm in New York Bav:" a "Foggy IMorning;" "Melo- dies of the Sea"' (1890) ;'"the South Coast of England" (1900). He also executed a series of historical paintings completed in 1899, repre- senting epochs in United States marine history from the landing of Leif Ericson (1001) to Vol-. XIII,— 51. Dewey's Return (1S99). He was an associate of the National Academy, and a member of the So- ciety of American Artists and of the Pennsyl- vania Academy of Fine Arts. Ho died in New York City, June 9, 1901, MOBAN, Peter (1842—). An American etcher and illustrator, brother of Edward and Thomas Mnran. born at Bolton, Lancashire, Eng- land, and brought by his parents to Philadelphia, where he studied ])ainting under his brothers, Thomas and Edward, llis taste led him to pas- toral and quiet scenes in country life, and espe- cially to animal painting. Among his paintings are the "Return of the Herd," which received a medal at the Centennial Exhibition; "Santa Barbara Mission;" "Pueblo of Zia. New Mexico." He received a medal at the Centennial of 187G for etchings of animals. — His son Percy (18G2 — ) is known as a painter of colonial subjects and modern women. He took the Hallgarten Prize in 1886, and the gold medal of the Ameri- can Art Association.— Another son, L£ox ( 1804 — ), likewise a painter, treats genre subjects. MOBAN, TiiOM.s (18.37—). An American etcher, illustrator, and landscape painter. He was born at Bolton, Lancashire, .January 12, 1837, and came to Philadelphia with his parents. During an apprenticeship to a wood engraver he devoted himself to water-color painting with suc- cess. He then studied oil painting under .James Hamilton, and later in Paris and Italy. He re- turned to the L'nited States in 1871 and made sketches of scenes in the Yellowstone, from which he produced the picture of the "Grand Canon of the Yellowstone," now filling a panel in the Capitol at Washington. In 1873 he joined the L'nited States Exploring Expedition, conducted by Major J. ^^'. Powell, which surveyed the canons of the Colorado River, and on his return com]deted a picture of "The Chasm of the Colo- rado," which was purchased by Congress as a companion of the Yellowstone picture. The fol- lowing year he visited the Jlountain of the Holy Cross in Colorado, and on his return to New- York, where he made his residence, he finished a large picture of that mountain. He was elected a member of the National Academy in 1884. Among his smaller pieces are: "The Lost Ar- row." "The Conemaugh in Autumn," "The First Shi|)," "The Track of the Storm," "Ponce de Leon in Florida," "New York from Connmini- paw," and "After a Thaw," Moran designed the illustrations on wood that adorn the reports of both Hayden"s and Powell's explorations. His other illustrations include designs for Longfel- low's Hidirnthn and Whittier's Mtilnl Mitriin. Moran's style is a strong souvenir of the works of the English painter Turner, in the iridescent play of color of which he is very fond. He paints the momentary and evanescent phases of nature which ofl'er brilliant and striking opiiortunities for rich, glowing color. Both he and his wife and pupil, Mary Mor.in (1842 — ), are etchers, and members of the British Society of Painter- Etchers. MOBAN-OLDEN", ino'rin ol'den, Fanstt ( ls.")."i]!H)."i ) . A German soprano singer, born at Cloppenburg. She appeared first in Dresden in 1877; two years afterwards, while the leading sojirano at Frankfort, she married the tenor, Karl Moran, and made her d(?but in opera at Leijizig (1884). The remarkable range of her
