the 21,789 estimated for the United States and Canada, only 924 were published in Canada. According to frequency of issue, they ran thus: weekly, 15,375; monthly, 2939; daily, 2279; semimonthly, 296; semi-weekly, 470; quarterly, 180; bi-weekly, 76; bi-monthly, 68; triweekly, 52. The number for each State and Territory in the United States was as follows: Alabama, 231; Alaska, 9; Arizona, 54; Arkansas, 257; California, 698; Colorado, 326; Connecticut, 190; Delaware, 42; District of Columbia, 82; Florida, 159; Georgia, 362; Hawaii, 26; Idaho, 70; Illinois, 1706; Indian Territory, 84; Indiana, 859; Iowa, 1073; Kansas, 703; Kentucky, 314; Louisiana, 192; Maine, 154; Maryland, 211; Massachusetts, 618; Michigan, 790; Minnesota, 653; Mississippi, 222; Missouri, 1033; Montana, 92; Nebraska, 617; Nevada, 30; New Hampshire, 105; New Jersey, 384; New Mexico, 52; New York, 2032; North Carolina, 255; North Dakota, 155; Ohio, 1217; Oklahoma, 125; Oregon, 192; Pennsylvania, 1403; Porto Rico, 7; Rhode Island, 59; South Carolina, 128; South Dakota, 267; Tennessee, 289; Texas, 794; Utah, 77; Vermont, 75; Virginia, 240; Washington, 221; West Virginia, 189; Wisconsin, 642; Wyoming, 41.
The fullest analysis ever made of the commercial side of newspapers for any one country appeared in the United States Census Report for 1900. It varies considerably from the figures compiled by advertising agencies in the number of periodicals, because the latter contain numerous transitory publications of small consequence. The growth of the periodical press in the United States during the last half-century is best shown by the following table:
| All classes | Daily | ||||
| Number | Total circulation per issue |
Aggregate number of copies issued during the year |
Number | Total circulation per issue | |
| 1900 | 18,226 | 114,299,334 | 8,168,148,749 | 2,226 | 15,102,156 |
| 1890 | 14,901 | 69,138,934 | 4,681,113,530 | 1,610 | 8,387,188 |
| 1880 | 11,314 | 31,779,686 | 2,067,848,209 | 971 | 3,566,395 |
| 1870 | 5,871 | 20,842,475 | 1,508,548,250 | 574 | 2,601,547 |
| 1860 | 4,051 | 13,663,409 | 927,951,548 | 387 | 1,478,435 |
| 1850 | 2,526 | 5,142,177 | 426,409,978 | 254 | 758,454 |
Complete figures exist in regard to the business of publication only during the past twenty years. These are summarized as follows:
| YEAR | Number of publications | Aggregate circulation per issue |
Aggregate number of copies issued during the census year | ||
| Total | Reporting | Not Reporting | |||
| 1900 | 21,272 | 18,226 | 3,046 | 114,299,334 | 8,168,148,749 |
| 1890 | 17,616 | 14,901 | 2,715 | 69,138,934 | 4,681,113,530 |
| 1880 | 11,314 | 11,314 | ........ | 31,779,686 | 2,067,848,209 |
| YEAR | Wage-earners | Pounds of paper used |
Value of newspaper products | |||
| Average number |
Total wages | Total | Advertising | Subscriptions and sales | ||
| 1900 | 94,604 | $50,333,051 | 1,233,142,248 | $175,789,610 | $95,861,127 | $79,928,483 |
| 1890 | 75,437 | 40,074,937 | 552,876,161 | 143,586,448 | 71,243,361 | 72,343,087 |
| 1880 | 71,615 | 28,559,336 | 189,145,048 | 89,009,074 | 39,136,306 | 49,872,768 |
Bibliography. The works on the newspaper are all considerably out of date. For a general view of the history of the press down to its recent marvelous development, the best single book is Hudson's Journalism in the United States from 1690 to 1872 (New York, 1873). Hudson gives much information in regard to foreign journalism. The American Weekly Mercury for 1719-21, the first American newspaper in the middle colonies, was reprinted by the Colonial Society of Pennsylvania in 1898. For England, consult Grant, The Newspaper Press (London, 1871-72); Pebody, English Journalism (ib., 1882), a brief account; Jackson, The Pictorial Press (ib., 1885); Andrews, History of British Journalism (ib., 1859); Fox Bourne, English Newspapers (ib., 1887); and the catalogue of the British Museum. Full statistics are given for each year in Sell's Dictionary of the World's Press (London). Ayers and Rowell's Newspaper Directories give statistics for the United States and Canada. United States Census Reports are most trustworthy. For the Continent, see Hatin, Histoire politique et littéraire de la presse en France (8 vols., Paris, 1859-61); and Les Gazettes de Hollande et la presse clandestine aux XVIIème et XVIIIème siècles (Paris, 1865); Warzée, Essai historique et critique des journaux belges (Ghent, 1845); Larousse, Grand Dictionnaire Universel (15 vols., 1866-76; supplements 1878-90), which describes under separate heads the most important journals; Salomon, Geschichte des deutschen Zeitungswesens, vol. i. (Leipzig, 1900); and the German encyclopædias, especially Brockhaus's Konversations-Lexikon (Leipzig). See also Journalism; College; Periodical; and Printing.
NEW SWE′DEN. The early name of the region between New York and Virginia.
NEWT (ME. newte, ewte, efte, by faulty liaison or sandhi for an ewte; a similar instance in English is nickname, and reverse changes are adder, apron, auger, orange, umpire). A small salamander of the genus Triton in Europe and Asia, and Diemyctylus in North America. The most familiar American newt is the red-spotted one (Diemyctylus viridescens). When full grown it is about four inches long, and is greenish-brown above, with a line of vermilion dots on
