OLSHAtrSEN. 798 OLYMPIA. OLSHAXJSEN, ols'liouzen, Hermann (1796- 183'J). A Ciennau llieologian. He was born at Uldesloe, in Holstiin, entered the University of Kiel in 1814, anil two years later went to the University of Berlin, where the teaching of Sehleierniacher and Xeander gave direction to his life studies and writings. In 1817 he was awarded the prize at the festival of the Reforma- tion for an essay, Mclanchlhons Clidniktiristih aus seiiien Brief en durgesteUt (1818). This essay brought him to the notice of the Prussian -Minister of Public Worship, and he was made privat-doceiit at Herlin in 1820. passing the next year to Ki'migsberg as professor extraordinary, and in 1827 was ejected full professor. He re- moved from Kiinigsberg to Erlangen in 1834. His most notable work is his Kommentar iibcr siimmt- liche Schriften dcs yciten Testaments (4 vols., 1830; completed and revised by Ebrard and Wie- singer; Eng. trans., 1847-49). An earlier work adducing from the writings of the first two cen- turies historical proofs of the genuineness of the (Jospels is Die Eehtkrit (In- ciVr l^iDWiiiselien E^^<l)lgclien, aus der (leschichte der zicei crsten Jahrhutidcrte enciesen (1823). His method of exegesis is presented in Ein Wort iiber tieferen Sehriftsinn (1824), and Die hiblische Sehrift- auslcgiing. In these latter works he rejects the doctrine of verbal inspiration. 0LSHAT7SEN, JusTi-.s (1800-82). A German Orientalist, brother of the preceding, who made contril)Utions to Semitic and Iranian philology. He was born at Hohenfelde : studied at Kiel, Ber- lin, and Paris (under De Sacy) ; and from 1830 to 18.52 was professor at Kiel. Removed in the latter year by the Danish Government, which he had energetically opposed, he became professor at Kijnigsberg (18.j3-")Si. then councilor in the Min- istry of Education, and retired in 1874. Olshau- sen's more important works are: Emendjiliuiten zum Allen Testament (182G) ; Fragments relatifs d la religion de Zoronstre (1829), written in col- laboratiim with Julius von Mold (q.v.) : Die Pehleiii-Eegenden aiif den Miin::en der letxten Sassaniden (1843); Lihrhiich der hehriiischen ftpraehe (18C1) ; I'riifung drs Clutrahlers der in den assgrisehen Keilinsehriften enthallenen semi- tischen Spraehe (1804). Consult Schrader. Oe- (Hiehtnisreile auf Justus Olshausen (Berlin, 1883) . OLSHAUSEN, Robert (18.35—). A German g ccolc)j;i>t, son of the Orientalist .Tustus Olshausen. He was born in Kiel, studied medi- cine there and at Kiinigsberg, and taught at Halle (1802-77) and at Berlin. He is espe- cially famed as an able operator; as the author of Diseases of the Oraries (Eng. trans.. 1887), and of Klinisehe Beiiriige zur Ognal-nlogie (1884) : and as the editor of the Zeitsehrift fiir deburtshilfe und Cnjniikologie. OLSHAUSEN, TiiKoraut (1802-69). A Ger- man aiithor and politician, prominent in the I'atriiitii- I'urly in Schleswig-Holstein. brother of . Justus Olshavisen. He was born at Gliickstadt, stuilied law at Kiel and .Tena. an<l, for his part in the demagogic di-^tiirbanies. was forced to live in France and Switzerland until 1830. Then he set- tled in Kiel, and became an ardent advocate of the independence of the provinces. He was imprisoned in 1846 for his bold opposition, but his inlluence was all the stronger in the Revolution of 1848. and be became a memlier of the provi-*ional Gov- ernment, resigning to enter the Diet. In 1851 he was excluded from the anuiesty, went to America, and lived in Xew York City and Saint Louis until 1S05, when he returned to Hamburg. He wrote two popular works on America, Geo- grapliiscli-slatisdsehe Beselueibung der Icrci- niglen Utaaten (1853-55, incomplete), and Ge- scliichte der Mormonen (1856). ■ OLSNITZ, Ols'nits. A town in the Kingdom of Saxiiny, Gernianj', on the hite Elster, 25 miles southwest of Zwickau (Map: Germany, E 3). The ancient Jakobskirche and a hand-' some Rathaus are the only buildings of note. The town has one of the largest car|)et factories in Germany. Corsets, curtains, mailiinery, varnish, and dyes are also manufactured; and there is considerable trade, especially in cattle. Popula- tion, in 1900, 13,006. OLSSON, rd'son, Olof (1841-1900). An American theologian and educator, born in Verm- land, Sweden. He studied at Upsala, became a Lutheran minister in 1863, and in 1869 came to the United States and received a charge in Mc- Pherson County, Kan. In 1801, Olsson left his congregation at Woodhull, 111., to return to Au- gustana College, Rock Island, 111., in which he had been professor (1877-88), and of which he now liecame jiresident. OLTEN, Ol'tai. A town of the Canton of So- lothurn. Switzerland. 36 miles northeast of Bern, on the left bank of the Aar (Map: Switzerland, B 1). The town is an important railway junc- tion, with railway simps, extensive shoe and felt factories, and wool and linen weaving, and is a noted touri-t resort. Population, in 1900, 6969. OLYM'PIA (Lat., from Gk. 'OXu/iTrfa). The scene of the celebrated Olympic games, held every four years by the Greeks. It was situated in the Pisatis, the southeastern district of Elis, at the junction of the Cladeus with the Al- I)heus. It was never a town, but only a sanctu- ary with the buildings connected with the wor- ship and the games. The central spot was the Altis, or sacred inclosure, an irregular quad- rangle about 200 meters from east to west and 175 meters from north to south. On the west ami soutli it was inclosed by a wall in Roman times, and at this period was somewhat enlarged, as there are traces of an earlier inner (Jreek wall. On the north was the bill of Cronos, the Pry- taneion. and the row of Treasuries ; on the east the Stadium, to which a vaulted passage led, the eelin portieo opening into the Altis and southeast building, which seems to have l)ecn demolished to nuike room for a Roman house built for the Emperor Xero. Within the inclosure the chief structures were the temples of Zeus ami Hera, the iletroijn, the Pelopion. the Pliilippeion, and the great altars. The oldest place of worship seems to be marked by the remains of a great altar south of the Henrum. and evidently ante- elating that temple, as the earth and ashes con- taining very nule brimzes extended under the foundations. The lleraiim. or Temple of Hera, was the oldest temple, and is proliably the oldest Doric building known. It was a hexastyle perip- teros with sixteen columns at the sides. The walls were of crude brick on a stone foundation and the colonnade was originally of wood, though these cohimns were gradually displaced by stone, a fact which has led to a great variety in the capitals. In the second century after Christ the building seems to have contained many
