OtTDH. 158 OUGHTBED. the Ganges (Map: India, D 3). Area. 24,217 square luiles. The northern part, at the foot of the mountains, consists of dense and unhealthful forest jungle; the remainder belongs to the alluvial valley of the Ganges, several of whose large tributaries traverse the provinee length- wise from northwest to southeast. Though there are hot and sultry months and a long rainy sea- son, the climate is the most healthful in the Ganges Valley. AuRicui-TURE. Agriculture is the only ex- tensively developed industry. The fertile plains produce abundantly wlien sulliciently watered. Nearly a third of the cultivated area, or 2.700.000 acres, is irrigated, the supply of water being drawn principally from wells and reservoirs. About one-fourth of the cultivated land is cropped twice during the year. Rice, wlieat. millet, pulse, and other cereals constitute the greater portion of the crop acreage. Sugar cane, opuim, and oil .seeds cover a much less area, but are commercially important. Cattle and bvifTaloes are iised as beasts of burden, and but few of the other domestic animals are raised. Traxspobt.tion axu Commerce. A railway traverses the province from east to west. A branch line connects it with C'awn])ore on the Ganges, and this point, although outside the provinee, is its chief collecting and distributing centre. Wheat, oil seeds, and oi)iuni are the most important exports. Some trade is main- tained with the adjoining territory of Xepal on the north. Most of the manufacture(^ products required are im|)ortod from Kuropean countries. POPILATION. Oudh is one of the most densely populated |)ortions of India, the numlior of inhab- itants in 11101 having been 12.884,000. or 532 to the square mile. The Hindus outnumber the Mohammedans about 7 to 1. The Hindu and Mohammedan religions practically absorb the whole population; Christianity has not secured much hold, the census of 1901 returning 0312 Christians, of whom only 2274 were native con- verts. Lucknow. the capital, with a population (1901) of 203.900. is the tifth largest eitv of India, and the only large city in the province. HlSTOBY. Oudh is believed by Sanskrit schol- ars to be the ancient Kosala. the oldest seat of civilization in India. The country was con- quered by a Mohammedan army about llO.i. was annexed to the realm of Delhi.' and subsequently wa.s made a province of the Mogul Empire. In the first half of the eighteenth century Oudh practically emancipated itself from the rule of the Great Mogul, and for over a century had its own dynasty. The awab "izier. Sujali-udnow- lah. played a prominent role in the days of t'live and of Hastings. The misrule of the princes brought about the annexation of Ou<Ih by the East India Company in 18.56. When the mutiny of 1857 broke out. Oudh became one of the great centres of rebellion. Consult: Butler, Description of the Kingdom Oit/le (London. 1853); Sleeman, A Joiirney Through the Kingdom of Oiide in 18.'i9-50 (ib., 1858) ; Gazetteer of Oude, vols, i.-iii. (ib.. 1877- 78) ; Irwin. The Garden of India: or Chapters on Oudh nistorji and Affairs (ih., 1880). OTJDINOT, oo'd4'nd', Charles Nicolas. Duke of Reggio 11767-1847). A Marshal of France. He was born at Bar-le-Duc, in the Department of Meuse. France, April 2.3. 1707. He entered the army at the age of seventeen, and distin- guished himself in 1790 by suppressing a popu- lar insurrection in his native district. He rose quickly, in 1794 became general of brigade, and added to his reputation in the war against Prussia and Austria. He became general of division in 1799. and received important com- iiianils from Napoleon. In 180.3 lie received the command of ten battalions of the reserve, after- wards known as the Oudinot Grenadiers. He was present at Austerlitz (1805) and .Jena (180C). and defi'ated the Russians at Ostrolenka February 10. 1807. He contributed to the suc- cess of the French at Friedland, .June 14th, and after the Peace of Tilsit was rewarded with 1 he title of count and a large sum of monev. At Wagram (,Iuly 0, 1809) he fully sustained his re|)Utation as a general, and soon after was made Marshal of France and Duke of Reggio. In 1810 he was charged with the occupation of Holland. He was engaged in the disastrous Russian campaign of 1812. when he earned praise by his skillful tactics by which the cro.ssing of the Beresina was protected. He subsequently took part in the various battles of 1813 l>etween the French and the Allies, being defeated at Grossbeeren (August 23, 1813). and tigliting valiantl}' at Leipzig. He was one of the last to abandon Napoleon. During the Hundred Days he remained on his estates. After the second Restoration he became a Min- ister of State, major-guard of the Royal and conuuander-in-chief of the National Guard, and a peer of France. In 1823 lie eoiiimanded the First Army Corps in the invasion of Spain, and was for some time (iovernor of iladrid. After the Revolution of .fuly. 1830, Oudinot retired to lii> estates, and only at rare intervals appeared in the Chamber of Peers. He died in Paris, Sep- tember 13, 1847. His isouvenirs were published in 1894. His son. Nicolas Ciiakij:.s 'icto1! OiDixoT. Duke of Reggio (1791-1803). was a general in the French Army. He distinguished himself in Algeria and in the Revolution of 1848, and later became commamler-in-cliief of the Army of the Alps. In April. 1849. he was ap- pointed general of the French expedition against Rome, and forced the city to surrender uncon- ditionally on July 2. After the coup d'etat, December 2. 1851. he was arrested and im- prisoned. He was .soon set at liberty, and spent the remainder of his life in retirement. He was the author of several books on niilitarv matters. He died .July 7, 1863. OUDRY, oo'dre'. .Teax Baptlste (1086-17.55). A French painter, born in Paris. He studied imder his father. .Jacques Oudry. and under Serre and Largillifre: was received at the Academy in 1719. and became a profes.sor there in 1743. He was appointed animal painter to the King, Louis XV., and painted his favorite dogs and incidents of the chase. In 1734 Fagon put him in charge of the Beauvais factories, and afterwards he was made superintendent of the (iobclins. for which he executed many designs. Several of his works are to be found in the Louvre and in the provincial museums. He also painted historical scenes and portraits, but less successfully. OUGHTTIED, Willl^m (1575-1060). An English divine and mathematician, born at Eton.
