Pistoia, studied medicine in Florence and Pisa, and became professor of anatomy at Florence. At t«enty-tliree he made himself famous by dis- covering the peripheral nerve terminations which are called the "corpuscles of Pacini' (or 'of Vater,' if the claim of the latter be considered). Pacini wrote much on anatomy, especially micro- scopic, and on pathology- and therapeutics. His more important monographs include those on artificial respiration 1 1S(J7. 187fi, 1877, sqq.), which describe "Pacini's method,' one of especial value in resuscitating asphyxiated new-born children.
PACINI, GiovAXXi (179G-18G7). An Italian
composer and teacher, born at Catania, and
pupil of Marchesi and Furlanetto. His first
opera. Annetta e Lucindo. was produced in 181.3.
and this was followed by forty-two operas during
the subsequent twenty' years. He was invariably
successful, and was able to command the Ijest
theatres and artists in Italy. When one of his
operas failed, he retired from the field of com-
position and devoted himself entirely to teach-
ing, his school of music at Viareggio winning
world-wide repute. His best work was done
after 1840, the list of his compositions includ-
ing about ninety operas, cantatas, masses, etc.,
besides numerous musical monographs and arti-
cles for musical periodicals. Medea (1843), h'af-
fo (1840), and Le regina di Cipro (1846) are
regarded as his best works. He died at Pescia.
PACINOTTI, pii'che-not'te, Axtoxio (1841
— ). An Italian physicist and electrician. He
was born and educated at Pisa, taught there
for two years, and at Bologna (18G4-7.3), and.
after nine years in the University of Cagliari, in
188"2 became professor at Pisa. He is best known
for his invention in 18G0 of a d^Tiamo in which
the coils of the armature were wound on a ring.
Subsequently the same device was independently
discovered by Gramme, and was brought into
extensive use in his machines.
PACK'ARD, Alpheus Spring (1798-1884).
An American educator. He was a graduate of
Bowdoin College, where he was tutor from 1819
to 18"24, and professor of the Greek and Latin
languages and literatures from 18"24 to 18Go.
He became Collins professor of natural and
revealed religion, and librarian in 1809. holding
both offices until his death. During the last two
years of his life he was acting president of the
college. He edited and was joint author (with
Xehemiah Cleaveland) of The Histori/ of Bow-
doin College, with Biographical Sketches of Its
Graduates (1882). He also edited: Works of
the Rev. Jesse Appleton, with a Memoir ( 1836-
37): Xenophon's Memorabilia of Socrates, iciih-
t'nglish Xotes (1839; 3d. ed. 1843) ; and con-
tributed many articles to various periodicals.
PACKARD, Alpheus Spring ( 1 839- 1 905 ) . An
American naturalist, born at Brunswick, Maine.
He graduated at Bowdoin College in 1861 and at
the JIaine lledical School in 1864, and studied
imder Agassiz in the Lawrence Scientific School.
Harvard University. In 186.5-66 he was librarian
and custodian of the Boston Society of Natural
History; in 1867-78 curator and afterwards
director of the Peabody Academy of Science.
Salem: and in 1871-73 State entomologist of
Massachusetts. From 1S77 to 1882 he was a
member of the United States Entomological Com-
mission. In 1878 he was appointed professor of
zoölogy and geology in Brown University. His
chief work has been the classification and
anatomy of arthropod animals, and contributions to
economic entomology, zoögeography, and the
phylogeny and metamorphoses of insects. In
systematic zoölogy he proposed a new classification
of the insects; a new grouping of the chief
branches (phyla) of arthropods; a new order
and several families of fossil merostomes, and
the crustacean orders Phyllocarida and Synearida.
In comparative anatomy he discovered the
brick-red renal glands of Limulus, the origin of
the ovipositor, and that of the spiral thread of the
trachea;. His publications include: Guide to the
Study of Insects (1869); The Mammoth Cave
and Its Inhabitants (with F. V. Putnam, 1872) ;
Life-History of Animals (1876); Insects
Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees (1890); A
Naturalist on the Labrador Coast (1891); A
Text-book of Entomology (1898) ; Lamarck, the
Founder of Evolution: His Life and Work
(1901).
PACKARD, .loiix Hooker (1832—). An
American surgeon, born in Philadelphia. He
graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in
1850, and at the Medical School there in 1853.
During the Civil War he was attached to the
Christian Street and Satterlee army hospitals,
with the rank of assistant surgeon, U.S.A. From
1863 until 1884 he was surgeon to the Episcopal
Hospital, and from the latter date until 1896
he filled a similar po.sition at the Pennsylvania
Hospital. His publications include the transla-
tion of Malgaigne on Fractures (1859) ; Manual
of Minor Surgery (1863) ; Handbook of Operative
Surgery (1870) ; and Sea Air and Sea-bathing
t issn )
PACKARD, Joseph (1812-1902). An Ameri-
can clergv'man, of the Protestant Episcojial
Church, born at Wiscasset, ile. He graduated
at Bowdoin College in 1831. was a professor in
Bristol College (Pa.) in 1834-36, and was or-
dained priest in 1837. From 183G imtil his
retirement as professor emeritus in 1890 he
was professor of sacred literature in the Prot-
estant Episcopal Theological Seminary of Vir-
ginia, near Alexandria. He was a member of
the American committee for the revision of the
Bible in 1872-85, contributed largely to Church
periodicals, edited Malachi in the translation
of J. P. Lange's Commentary (1874), and pub-
lished Questions on the Gospels (1855).
PACKARD, Lewis Richard (1836-84). An
American classical scholar born in Philadelphia,
Pa. He graduated at Yale in 1856. studied
further at Berlin University, in 1863 was ap-
pointed assistant professor of the Greek lan-
guage and literature at Vale, and in 1866 full
professor. In 1SS3 he was the second director
of the American School of Classical Arclurologv
at Athens. With J. W. White and T. D. Sey-
mour he was editor of the "College Series of
Greek Authors," of which one volume, the Clouds
of Aristophanes, appeared in 1885. A collection
of his lectures and essays was published in 1886
as Studies in Greek Thought.
PACKARD, William Alfred (1830—) An American classical scholar, born at Brunswick, Me. He graduated at Bowdoin in 1851, studied at Gi'lttingen in 1857-58. and was appointed professor of the Latin language and literature in Princeton Universitv. In addition to contribu-
