pamphlets, and 2320 uiaiiuscripts. The univer- sity also includes a number of clinics, an ob- servatory, a botanical garden, and a number of museums. For bibliography, see Univeksity.
PADUCAH, pa-du'lca. A city and the county-
seat of MeCraeken County, Ky., 48 miles east by
north of Cairo, 111., and 165 miles southeast of
Saint Louis, ilo. ; at the confluence of the Ohio
and Tennessee rivers, and on the Illinois Central
and the Nashville, Chattanooga and Saint Louis
railroads (ilap: Kentucky, C 3). It has a
United States Government building, hospitals,
and public parks. The city is in an agricultural,
mineral, and timber region ; is the terminus of
several river packet lines; controls large lumber
and tobacco interests, besides an imirortant whole-
sale trade ; and has extensive manufactures of
lumber products, furniture, brick, potter's ware,
tobacco, cotton rope, wagon material, flour,
and foundry and machine shop products. The
building of steamboats is carried on. The
government, under a charter of 1893, is vested
in a mayor, who holds office for four years,
and a council. The school board is indepen-
dently chosen by popular vote. The electric
light plant is owned and operated by the mu-
nicipality. Paducah was laid out in 1827, incor-
porated as a village in the following year, and
received a city charter in 1856. In September,
1861, it was occupied and fortified by General
Grant, and on March 25, 1864, then having a
garrison of about 800 men <inder Hicks, it was
unsuccessfully attacked by General Forrest with
a force of -.5000. Population, in 1890, 12,797; in
1900, 19,446.
PÆ'AN (Lat.. from Gk. Traiai', paian, hymn
in honor of Apollo, from natdi". Paian. Ilaiiii',
Pawn, epithet of Apollo). An ancient Greek
god of healing. Pjean appears in Homer and
later poets down to .Eschylus as a personal god.
a divine physician, invoked to cure disease and
also to avert threatened destruction from other
causes. From the middle of the fifth century
B.C. we hear little of this god. and Piean becomes
a surname of Apollo, as the averter of disease
and destruction. The liymn for deliverance, ad-
dressed probably originally to the god Paean, with
its refrain Jt) noi({y, was also transferred to the
worship of other gods, and became the name for
a recognized division of the Greek choral lyric
poetry. It was sung cither in solemn procession
or in a stately dance around the altar, especially
of Apollo, though sometimes in connection with
the worship of Dionysus, Asclepius. and others.
We also find the word used to denote a prayer or
hyiun accompanying the libation at a sacrifice, or
sung to the gods with the libation at the sympo-
sium or at the marriage feast. As a prayer for
safety it was naturally chanted before the battle,
and. indeed, before any undertaking where danger
was anticipated. The refrain seems also to have
become a shout of victory, as expressing thanks-
giving for deliverance, and thus the Psan is also
the name for the hymn sung at the processions
and the sacrifices in celebration of victory. Con-
sult: Fairbanks. A SHiidi/ of the Greek Pcsan
(Xew York. 1000) ; Ilsener, Gotiernamen (Bonn,
1896).
PÆDOGEN'ESIS. See Paethexoge>-esis.
PÆO'NIUS (Lat., from Gk. naiiinos. Pa fo- nios). A Greek sculptor of the latter part of the fifth century B.C. He was a native of Monde, probably the Thracian town, which was settled by lonians, and is known by liis statue of Nike (Victory), executed for the Messenians of Nau- pactus and erected as a trophy at Olympia, prob- ably about B.C. 420. The statue stood on a tri- angular pedestal some thirty feet in height, and represented the goddess as in full llighl toward the earth. The feet barely touch the pedestal, the support being afforded by the flowing drapery, which in its light folds suggests admirably the ru.sh of the goddess through the air. Pausanias says that Pieonius also made the sculptures in the east pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia, but this seems to be due to a misunderstanding of the inscription on the base of the Nike, in which the artist claims to have been the victor in mak- ing the figures on the extremities of the gables.
PAER, pa-ar', Febdi...ndo (1771-1839). An
Italian composer, born in Parma. He was ap-
pointed ehaijel-master at Dresden in 1801 ; Im-
])erial composer to Napoleon in 1807, and was
director of the Italian opera at Paris in 1812-27.
Besides a number of overtures and cantatas, he
was composer of forty-three operas ( the best is
Camilla, 1799), which have long been forgotten.
He is of interest more for the part he played in
the musical life of his day, as shown by his ap-
pointments, and his rivalry with Rossini, his suc-
cessfvil competitor for public favor, and for a
time a joint conductor with him at the Theatre
Italien. He received the cross of the Legion of
Honor in 1828; was elected to the Academy in
1831 ; and the year following became conductor
of the Royal Chamber music. He died in Paris.
PJES'TUM (Lat., from Gk. no<<rTo>', Paistan,
earlier Uoauiwvla, Poseidonia) . An ancient Greek
city of northwestern Lucania in Southern
Italy, in the present Province of Salerno. It
seems to have been founded under the name
Posidonia, by Troszenians expelled from Syba-
ris, probably not earlier than the latter
part of the "seventh century B.C. It does not
appear prominently in the history of Magna
Gra'cia, but its temples show it must have en-
joyed considerable prosperity. About B.C. 400
it'was captured by the advancing Lucanians, who.
however, allowed the ancient inhal)itants to re-
main, and even to mourn their lost glories at
an annual festival. With the rest of the region
it submitted to Rome, and in B.C. 273 was made
the seat of a colony, but in the time of Strabo
was reputed unhealthy, and gradually fell into
neglect. In the ninth century the town was
sacked by the Saracens, and after that the
site seems to have l)een abandoned, and now is
occupied only by a few houses and the fine ruins
of three temples, connnonly called the Temple
of Poseidon, the Basilica, "and the Temple of
Ceres. They are all important monuments for
the history of the Doric style, and are among
the best preserved and most impressive examples
of Greek temple architecture outside of Athens.
FAEZ, pil'as. A mountain tribe of Colombia,
occupying about twenty villages in the high
Central Cordilleras, westward from Bogota. They
are believed to be the principal modern represen-
tatives of an ancient group of allied tribes, hos-
tile to the more civilized Chibeha (q.v.). and
constituting a distinct linguistic stock. They
are hunters and go nearly naked in spite of the
cold, but wear hats woven from reeds or bark.
Thcv also weave mats and cloth from maguey
