congress consisted of a number of protocols,
treaties, conventions, resolutions, and recommen-
dations. The more ini|)ortant of these were a
l)rolocol of adhesion to the Hague Convention for
the settlement of international disputes: a treaty
of compulsory arbitration signed by 10 delega-
tions, and resolutions favoring const ruction of a
pan-.merican railway; an international customs
congress for international sanitation, collection,
and publication of statistics relative to American
tradf and rcscnirces.
PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. An ex- position held in Buli'alo. N. V., from May 1, to Xovend)er 2, I'JOl. It had for its puri)ose the illustration of the progress of civilization in the Western llemispliere during the nineteenth cen- tury, and was originally phmned for 18118, but the war with Spain intervened and the enter- prise was deferred tuitil 1001. A site in the northern ])art of Buffalo, covering an area of 350 acres and within three miles of the business centre of the city, was chosen. A formal ground plan introducing architecture, sculpture, and painting was early adopted, and it was agreed that the style of architecture should be a free adaptation of the Spanish Renaissance, that abrupt roofs with overhanging eaves should be used in |ireferenee to ilat roofs with cornices and balustrades, that color and decorative sculpture shoidd be introduced freely in the treatment of the buildings, and that the appearance of the exposition should be as gay and festive as possi- ble. The buildings were arranged around a broad court having the form of an inverted T with its broad end to the south, where an ap- proach was made over a triumplial causeway. From this on the east towaid the north were the grou|) (it (Government l)uildings, the Ktbnol- og>- Building, the liuildings of ilanufactures and Liberal Arts, and Agrictdture. while on the west side were the buildings of Electricity. JIachinery, and Transportation, Temple of Music, and Hor- ticulture, with its two wings, one of which was devoted to exhibits in graphic arts and the other to exhibits of mining. .t the north end of the court tlius formed, and balancing the Triumphal Causeway, was the Electric Tower. In addition to the foregoing, there were two iiermanent buildings, one of which, constnu-ted of white marble and bricks, served as an art building, and is now the home of the Bufl'alo Fine Arts Academy, and the Xew York State Building, of white marble, which now contains the collections of the Buffalo Historical Society. The color scheme was designed and directed by Mr. C. y. Turner, who chose as the underlying theme the fierce struggle of man to overcome the ele- ments. Accordingly, the buildings on the east were arranged to represent man and his affairs, or that which man had gained after long years of strife with the elements, while those on the west rejiresented the elements themselves. The strug- gle was denoted by heavy, deep coloring of red, blue, green, and gold, which graduated gently but firmly into tints, until the Electric Tower was reached, where the prevalent tone was a deep green, as near the color of Lake Erie as it was possible to attain. The tower, which had sculp- ture work on the four corners, itself was of a light ivory color, and was tinted with blue, green, and gold, which grew fainter as the top was reached, terminating in a gilt figure of the Goddess of Light. The color treatment gained for the Exposition the name of the Rainbow City, or the Tinted City. The sculpture was likewise harmonized with the general plan, and was under the direction of ilr. Karl Bitter. At the en- trance of the Exposition, the Triumphal Cause- ^^•ay, which was jierhaps the most ornate feature, rejiresented the apotheosis of the United States, an allegorization of national pride, while the Electric Tower at the other end symbolized the great waters, suggesting that the importance, growth, and prosperity of Buffalo were due chiefly to the Great Lake .sjstem and waterways on which it was located. On the east side of the Esplanade the most conspicuous work was the Fountain of Man, b_y Mr. Charles (irady; while on the west side, which was devoted to Nature, there was placed the Fountain of Nature, by Mr. George Brewster. All of the sculpture was in white staff. The exhibits were examined by a jury of awards, and upward of 4000 awards of gold, silver, and bronze medals, and honorable mentions, were made. The total attendance was given as 8.179.674. The total cost of the Exposi- tion was $8,860,757. and the total reccijits were $5,534,643, leaving a deficit of ,$3,326,114. On September 6th President William McKinley (q.v. ) was shot down by an assassin while hold- ing a public reception in the Temple of Music, and he died eight days later at the house of John .J. Milburn, the president of the Exposition. PANARD, pa'niir', Charles Fran(;ois ( 1694- 1765). A French song-writer, born at Courville, near Chartres. He went to Paris in early life, and was employed in the Government bureau for many years. Panard was an industrious writer of vaudeville and song, and his works in this line number more than eight hundred. His satire was never bitter, and his luuuor never coarse, while there was in all he wrote an in- sinuating grace and gaycty. Marniontel gives an attractive picture of him in his Mcmoirrs. Par- tial collections of his works were made under the titles Theatre et rruvrex diverses { 1764) and (Eiivres choisies de Panard (1803).
PANAS, pa'nii'. Piiotinos (18.32-1903). A French surgeon and ophthalmologist. He was born in Cejilialonia, and studied medicine at Corfu and in Paris, where he was naturalized in 1863. After service in various other hospitals he became surgeon to the Hotel Dieu in 1877. Two years afterwards he was appointed professor of clinical ophthalmology in the Ecole de Mede- cine. In general surgery Panas won some repu- tation by his services in the Franco-Prussian War, through his introduction ' of Lister's methods into France, and by his pioneer work as a successful operator in ovariotomy. But he was better known for his ophthalmological work, and it is in this field that he wrote: Legons sur le stnibistne (1873 and 1893); Legons sur les Icrdtites (1876); Sur les affections de Vappnreil laerymal (1877); Anatomic patholopiqiie de I'reil (1879, with Remy); .S'wr le glaueome et les neoplasmes intrriociilaircs {S^3); Traite eom- plet des mnlndirs des yeux (1804); and Lcgons de cliniqiie ojihthnlniolofiif/iie (1890).
PAN'ATHENiE'A (Lat. nom. pi., from Gk. Tlauad-^fma., Paiintlii'naia, from iras, pas. all + ' kdifvri, Athene. Athena). The most famous fes- tival of Attica, celebrated at Athens in honor of Athena, patron goddess of the city. Two festi- vals were distinguished. The Lesser was annual,
