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Boniface II 530-532 John 11 ,..533-535 Agapetus -I. . . .'. .535-53ti Siiverius 53G-537 Vigilius 537-555 Pelagius 1 55t;-5«l John III 5G1-574 Benedict 1 575-579 Pelagius II 573-590 Gregory 1 590-604 Sabinianus 004-000 Boniface HI (i07 Boniface IV 0OS-U15 Deusdedit 015-018 Boniface V 019-025 Honorius 1 025-038 Severinus 640 John IV 640-642 Theodore 1 642-049 Martin 1 049-653 Eugenius 1 654-057 Vitalian 657-672 Adeodatus 672-676 Donus 676-078 Agatho 678-681 Leo II 0S2-6S3 Benedict II 684-085 John V 685-686 Conon 086-087 Sergius 687-701 John VI 701-705 John VII 705-707 Sisinnius 7u8 Constantine ....708-715 Gregory II 715-731 Gregory III 731-741 Zacharias 741-752 Stephen II 752-757 Paul 1 757-767 Stephen UI 768-772 Adrian 1 772-795 Leo III 795-816 Stephen IV 816-817 Paschal 1 817-824 Eugenius II S24-S27 Valentine 827 Gregory IV 827-844 Sergius II 844-847 Leo IV 847-855 Benedict III 855-858 Nicholas 1 858-867 Adrian II 867-872 John VIII 872-882 Marinus 1 882-884 Adrian III 884-885 Stephen V 885-891 Forraosus 891-S96 Boniface VI 896 Stephen VI 896-897 Romanus 897 Theodore II 897 John IX 898-900 Benedict IV 900-903 Leo V 903 Christopher 903-904 Sergius III 904-911 Anastasius III. . .911-913 Lando 913-914 John X 914-928 Leo VI 928 Stephen VII 928-931 John XI 931-935 Leo VII 936-939 Stephen VIII 939-942 Marinus II 942-946 Agapetus II 946-955 John XII 955-964 Leo VIII 903-965 Benedict V 964 John XIII 965-972 Benedict VI 973-974 Benedict VII 974-983 John XIV 983-984 Boniface VII 984-985 John XV 985-996 Gregory V 996-999 Sylvester II 999-1003 John XVII 1003 John XVIII 1003-09 Sergius IV 1009-12 Benedict VIII 1012-24 John XIX 1024-32 Benedict IX 1032-44 Gregorv- VI 1045-46 Clement II 1046-47 Damasus II 1048 Leo IX 1049-54 Victor II 1055-57 Stephen IX 1057-58 Benedict X 1058-59 Nichodis II 1U5S-61 Alexander 11 1001-73 Gregory VII 1073-85 Victor III 1087 Urban H 1088-99 Paschal II 1099-1118 Gelasius II 1118-19 Cali.xlus II 1119-24 Honurius II 1124-30 Innocent II 1130-43 Celestine II 1143-44 Lucius II... 1144-45 Eugenius III 1145-53 Anastasius IV... 1153-54 Adrian IV 1154-59 Alexander III 1159-81 Lucius III 1181-85 rrban III 1185-87 Gregory VIII 1187 Clement III 1187-91 Celestine III 1191-98 Innocent HI. . .1198-1216 Honorius HI 1210-27 Gregory IX 1227-41 Celestine IV 1241 Innocent IV 1243-54 Alexander IV. .. .1254-01 Urban IV 1201-04 Clement IV 1265-68 Gregory X 1271-76 Innocent V 1270 Adrian V 1276 John XXI 1276-77 Nicholas HI 1277-80 Martin IV 1281-85 Honorius IV 1285-87 Nicholas IV 1288-92 Celestine V 1294 BonifAce VIII.. 1294-1303 Benedict XI 1303-04 Clement V 1305-14 John XXII 1310-34 Benedict XII 1334-42 Clement VI 1342-52 Innocent VI 1.352-62 Urban V 1302-70 Gregory XI 1370-78 Urban VI 1378-89 Boniface IX. . .1389-1404 Innocent VII 1404-06 Gregory XII 1406-09 Alexander V 1409-10 John XXIII 1410-15 Martin V 1417-31 Eugenius IV 1431-47 Nicholas V 1447-55 Calixtus III 1455-58 Pius II 1458-64 Paul II 1464-71 Sixtus IV 1471-84 Innocent VIII. . .1484-92 Alexander VI.. 1492-1503 Pius III 1503 Julius II 1503-13 Leo X 1513-21 Adrian VI 1522-23 Clement VII 1523-34 Paul III 1534-49 Julius III 1550-55 Marcellus II 1555 Paul IV 1555-59 Pius IV 1559-65 Pius V 1560-72 Gregory XIII. .. .1572-85 Sixtus V 1585-90 Urban VII 1590 Gregory XIV. .. .1590-91 Innocent IX 1591 Element VIII. .1592-1605 Leo XI 1605 Paul V 1605-21 Gregory XV 1621-23 Urban VIII 1623-44 Innocent X 1644-55 Alexander VII. . .1655-67 Clement IX 1067-69 Clement X 1670-70 Innocent XI 1076-89 Alexander VIII. .1689-91 Innocent XII.. .1691-1700 Element XI 1700-21 Innocent XIII. . .1721-24 Benedict XIII 1724-30 Clement XII 1730-40 Benedict XIV. . .1740-58 Clement XIII 1758-69 Clement XIV 1709-74 Gregory XVI 1831-46 Pius VI 1775-99 Pius IX 1840-7S Pius VII 1800-23 Leo XIII 1878-1903 Leo XII 1823-29 Pius X 1903— Pius VIII 1829-30
PAPAGO, pii'pa-g6. An important tribe of Pinian stock (q.v. ). originally occupying; a large portion of Arizona, soulli of tlie Ilila. anil extend- ing across the border into nortbern Sonera. Mexico. They were mission ized by the early Jesuits and Franciscans, and are now ])ractically all Catholic. They arc agricultural, imlustrioiis, and ])eaceable toward the whites, but have been compelled to wage constant war with the Apache until a recent period. They carry on an ex- tensive trade in salt, collected from the salt lakes of the region. They were recognized as citizens under the Mexican Government, but their rights were disregarded on the annexation of the territory to the United States, and by the seizure of the I)est lands and water supplies by the American settlers and land companies, the majority have been rendereil homeless nomads. Hundreds of them earn good wages as railroad laborers. They number about .3900, of whom 520 are on San Xavier reservation and 100 at Gila Bend, most of the others being nomadic. The number in Sonora is unknown,
PAPA'IN. A digestive ferment derived from the juice of Carica Papaya, a South American fruit tree belonging to the order I'apayacea'. This ferment is a mixture containing vegetable globulin, albiunoses, and peptone. It digests all forms of jiroteid or albuminous matter, whether coagulated or not, and whether the medium in which it works is acid, alkaline, or neutral. It is a rapid solvent of false membrane. Papoid. derived from papain, is serviceable in gastro-en- teritis, gastritis, infantile diarrhcea. and fermen- tative dyspepsia. It has been used locally on diphtheritic membrane, and has been injected into neoplasms with success. It is found in the shoi>. in powder and tablet form, and a glycerole is also made. Papain is not ollicial.
PAPAL GUARANTEES, Law of, A law passed by the Italian Parliament at Florence in 1871, which aimed at making the Papacy and the Italian Government mutually independent. It guaranteed to the Vt>]>e the diplomatic privi- leges of a sovereign power with its own ambas- sadors and its own court in the midst of Rome; separate postal and telegraphic communications with foreign countries; and an allowance of 3,225,000 francs a year. It allowed further to him and his successors the use of the Vatican and Lateran palaces, and certain other build- ings, and i)recluded all Government oflicials from entering any of these buildings without permis- sion. It relinquished the royal cxeqnatur and placet, or the necessity of the King's assent to the publication and execution of acts of the ecclesiastical authority: it exempted the bishops from any oath of allegiance to the Crown, and gave the clergy complete freedom of meeting. It put an end to appeals to the civil courts against acts of spiritual discipline, but, on the other hand, it denied to the Church courts the aid of the civil tribunals in enforcing their decisions. This plan, of which a draft had been found among the papers of Cavour. and which attempted to realize his ideal of 'a free Church in a free State,' was opposed by the Liberals as
