rapidly shifting, calling for great caution in
tlicir navigation. l"or the description of the
river lielow the delta, see Plata, Rio de la. The
I'ar^ind was first ascended as far as the Paraguay
confluence in 1520 by Sebastian Cabot.
PARANA. A southeastern State of Brazil, bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, the State of Sao Paulo on the north, Paraguay and Jlatto Grosso on the west, and Argentina and Santa Catharina on the south ( Map : Urazil, G 8). Area 85,430 square miles. The low strip of coastland is followed by a mountain range reaching an altitude of nearly 5000 feet and passing into an elevated plateau lying about 3000 feet above the sea. The portion along the western frontier slopes toward the Parana River, whose tributaries are the chief rivers of the State. Most of them, however, are unfit for navigation, owing to rapids. The climate is gen- erally healthful in the elevated portions, but very hot and humid on the coast. Forests cover a large part of the State, especially in the west- em lialf, which is almost unknown, and inhabited by roving Indians. On the coast are cultivated cotton, eoflfee, and manioc, and in the more ele- vated regions grain and fruits are raised, but the mate industry is the most important, and mate is almost the only export. The population of the State in 1800 was 249,491; consisting t(^ a great extent of German and Polish immigrants. Capital, Curitiba (q.v.). Consult Lange, Siid- hrasilien (2d ed., Berlin, 1885).
PARANA (formerly Bajada del ParanA). The capital of the Province of Entre Rios, Argen- tina, situated on a high bluH' on theParandRiver, 370 miles from its mouth and opposite the city of Santa F6 (Map: Argentina, E 10). It is a well- built town with straight streets, good public buildings, a normal school, and a national col- lege. It has an important inter-provincial trade, has daily steamship connection with Santa Fe, and is a station for all steamers ascending the ParanA River. Population, in 1898, estimated at 24,000. From 1852 to 1861 Parana was the capital of the Argentine Republic.
PARANAGUA, pa'ra-na-gwa'. The chief seaport of the State of Parana, Brazil, situated on the Bay of ParanaguS, 400 miles southwest of Rio dc .laneiro. A regular steamship line con- nects the port directly with Hamburg, and it exports woods, mate, sugar, and cereals. Popu- lation about GOOO.
PARANAHYBA, pa'ra-na-e^a, or PARNAHYBA, piir'na-e'ba. One of the headstreams of the Parana (q.v.).
PARANAHYBA, or PARNAHYBA. A river of Northeastern Brazil. It rises in the Serra das JIangabeiras on the northern bound- ary of the State of Goyaz, flows northeast for 800 miles between the States of Piauhy and Maranhao, and empties into the .Atlantic Ocean at the town of Paranahyba (Map: Brazil, J 4 ) . It is navigable for small steamers through nearly half its length.
PARANAHYBA, or PARNAHYBA. A seaport in the State of Piauhy, Xortheastern Brazil, near the mouth of the river of the same name (ilap: Brazil, .J 4). It is the commercial centre of Piauhy. being the only harbor in the State, and the outlet for its agricultural and cattle products. Population, in 1898, about 11,000.
PAR'ANOI'A (Neo-Lat., from Gk. -apiivnia, madness, from Tvupavotlv, paranoein, to be de- ranged, from -apd, para, beside, beyond + I'nili', noein, to think). A chronic form of insanity in which for many years the intellect of the patient remains unimpaired, though dominated by a >> ^ tcmatized delusion. There is almost invarialily present an acquired or transmitted neuro-ih- generative taint, though an attack may be basi-.l on a sudden or severe injury to the nervous system. It may follow a severe fever or an in- jury to the head. It may equally well be caused by great emotional strain or a constantly harass- ing thought.
Paranoiacs usually present somatic evidences of degeneration, such as a deformed or asymmetri- cal skull, badly developed teeth, strabismus, atro- phy of one side of the body, and ditterences in size of hands or feet. In several cases examined by Spitzka anomalies of the cerebrum were found. Mild forms of paranoia are presented by per- sons who exhibit perverse acts, morbid ideas, persistence in absurd notions, and who are commonly called 'cranks.' These persons become imbued with an idea and are dominated by it, and talk constantly of it. They are suspicious, consider themselves slighted or the subject of remark. They think they are neglected or mar- tyred, fancy there is a combination against them, and are frequently melancholic. These patients are able to carry on a business or practice a pro- fession.
The variety of paranoia demanding more at- tention is the ordinary type of chronic delusional lunatic who was eccentric in childhood and hypo- chondriac in his youth, and is excessively ego- tistical, whose failures are considered to be due to conspirac}-, wlio betrays delusions of persecution and halluAnations of sight and hearing. The usual delusion of persecution may be replaced by systematized delusions of erotic, religious, or patriotic nature. The paranoiac is usually homicidal, either because of mandatory hallucinations or of persecutory delusions. Early moral control may do much for mild cases, even aborting the psychosis. The regularity of life in asylums, with their discipline, recreations, and employment, is often beneficial. Consult: S^glas, "Paranoia," translated by Noyes, in Jour- nal of Xervous and Mental Diseases (New York, 1888); Ferris, "Clinical Notes on a Case of Paranoia." in Philadelphia Medical Journal (Philadelphia, May 26, 1900).
PARAPET. See Fobtification.
PARAPH (OF., Fr. paraphe, paragraphe. It. pnrafo, pnrografo, from ML. paragraphus, from Gk. JTapayi>aooc. marginal line, from ■^aimypa<itiii, paragraphein, to write beside, from irapd, para, beside, beyond + ■ypaiew, graphein, to write). An addition to the signature formed by a flourish of the pen, which, during the Middle Ages, con- stituted some sort of provision against a forgery Its use is not altogether extinct in diplomac, and in Spain the paraph is still a usual part of a signature.
PARAPHERNALIA (ML. nom. pi., from Lat. pnrapherna, from Gk. -npaiicpva, property of a bride above her dower, from irnpd, para, beside, beyond -+- <!>epvri, pherne, dower, from (pcptiv.
