PIERREPONT. 9 PIETISM. North Haven, Conn. He graduated at Yale in 1837, was admitted to the bar in 1840, and practiced at Columbus, Ohio, until 184.5, when he removed to New York. He was elected judge of the Superior Court, New York, in 1857, but resigned in 18()0, and resumed his practice. In 1867 he conducted the case for the Government against John 11. Surratt, indicted as an accom- plice in the murder of President Lincoln, and in 1869 he was appointed United States District Attorney by President (Irant, but resigned a year later, when he took an active part as one of the Committee of Seventy in fighting the Tweed ring. He was appointed Attorney-CJeneral of the United States in 187.5, and the next year Minister to the Court of Saint .James's, which post he resigned in 1S77. During his later years he took a keen interest in finance, and published several pamphlets dealing with financial ques- tions, PIERROT, i.ya'ro'. A chai-acter of French comedy taken over from the Italian Pedrolino of the commedia dell' arte. Toward the beginning of the eighteenth century he apj)eared on the French stage in parodies at the Opera Coniique and other theatres. The Pierrot of the pan- tomime was introduced by Debureau at the Fu- nambules, and reappeared with the revival of the pantomime at the end of the nineteenth century, Pierrot's costume cotisists of very wide trousers, a loose coat with great buttons, and a wide collar, all white. PIERSON, per'son, Abraham (c.164.5-1707). An American educator. He was born ])rol)ably at Soutliampton, Long Island. N, Y,, graduated at Harvard in 1668., became colleague pastor with his father at Newark in 1672, and was in sole charge of the New Church from 1678 to 1692. He then preached for two venrs in Greenwich, Conn., became pastor at Killingworth, Cnnn., in 1694, and from 1701 until his death was the first president, or rector, of Yale College. See Yale U^'IVERSITY. PIERSON, Aetiiue Tappan (1837—). An American Presbyterian minister, bom in New York City. He graduated at Hamilton College in 18.57, was pastor of Congregational churches at West Winsted, Conn., in 1859-00, at Bing- hamton, N, Y., in 1860-63, and at Norwalk, Conn,, in 18G3, In the latter .year he became a Presby- terian ; thereafter had charge of churches of that denomination at Waterford, N. Y. (18G3- 69), Detroit, :lich. (1869-82), Indianapolis (1882-83), and Pliiladelphia (1883-91). He oc- cupied the pulpit in the Jletropolitan Taliernacle. London, in 1891-93. He was made editor of The Missionary Review of the World when it was founded in 1888, His publications include: Many Infallible Proofs (1880); Crisis of Mis- sions (1886); Divine 1-1 nler prise of Missions (1891) ; Miracles of Missions (1891) ; and Xew Acts of the Apostles (1894). PIERSON, Henry Hugo (181.5-73). An Eng- lish nuisician and composer, born at Oxford. His correct name was Henry Hugh Pearson. He was educated at Harrow and Cambridge, and before his graduation (1830) had set tn music half a dozen of Byron's songs. Forsaking the stud.y of medicine for that of music, he went to Germany (1839), where he became a pupil of Reissiger, Tomaschek, and Rinck, the organist. He returned to Great Britain (1844) to be Reid |)rofessor of music in Edinburgh L'niversity, but shortly went back to make his home in German.v, where the greater number of his works were produced, though the best of them, the oratorio Jerusalem, was first sung at the Norwich Fes- tival of 1852. Two years afterwards he received the gold medal of art and science from the Belgian King for his musical setting to Faust (part ii.), while his five-act opera Contarini WHS performed at Hamburg the .vear before his dcatli. which occurred in his Leipzig home. Besides his first operas, Der Elfensieq (Briinn, 1845) and Leila (Hamburg, 1848), he left an unfinished oratorio, called Uezekiah, and several fine overtures, songs, and choruses, sacred and secular, of which only Ye Mariners of England gained favor in lii^ native land, PIERS PLOWMAN. See Langland, Wil- LIAlf. PIERS PLOWMAN'S CREDE. An allitera- tive poem, written about 1394 by an unknown poet whom Skcat identifies with the author of the Plowman's Tale. An ignorant man, wanting to learn his creed, applies to friars for help. They mereh' show their greed and jealousy of one another, and the creed is taught at last by a ]H)or plowman. PIETAS (Lat., piety). In Roman mythology, the goddess of loyalt.y. especially of filial devo- tion. She is symliolized liy the stork. PIETER DE KEMPENEER, pe'ter dc keiii'- pc-nfir. The Flemisli name of the Flemisli-Span- isli painter Pedro Caiiipafia (ij.v. ). PIETERMARITZBTJRG,pe'tcr-ma'rits-boorG. The capital of the British colony of Natal. South Africa, 40 miles by rail northwest of Durban, the chief port of the colony (.Map: Cape Colonv, GO). It is a well built town, situated 2200 feet above sea-level, and is noted for its healthful climate. It has considerable trade, and is the seat of an Anglican bishop. Its chief features are the Government buildings, town hall, a fine park, botanical gardens, and l):^thing establish- ments; it has electric lighting. The town was founded by the Boers in 1839, and named after the two I3oer leaders Pieter Relief and Geert Maritz. Population, in 1901, 30,000. PIETISM (from piety, OF. piete, Fr. pi6t^. from Lat. piclas, piet,v, from pins, pious), A name given in the latter part of the seventeenth century to a religious movenient in Germany, distinguished by certain peculiarities of religious o]iliiion and the manner in which these were manifested. The name is also applied to similar tendencies of opinion, feeling, and conduct ex- hibited elsewhere. Pietism may be regarded as an exaltation of the importance of religious feeling and of the practical part of religion, with a corresjionding depreciation of doctrinal dilTer- eiices. and a contempt for outward ecclesiastical arrangements. German Pietism was the natural outcome of conditions existing in the seventeenth century. The Reformers had emphasized the eflicacy of faith in Christ as the means of securing deliver- ance from sin. But the controversies which aro.se among them and increased among their succes- sors gradually gave a too exclusively doctrinal and polemieal character to the sermons and writings of both Lutheran and Calvinistic
