PONCHIELLI. 232 PONDICHERBY. (1864); Ltt stcUa del nioiite (1867); Le due yemule (1873); / Litmini (1874); La Giocoiida (1870); // figliiiol prodigo (1880); Marion Ue- lormc (1885). He wrote the fainous Garibaldi ifi/Hiii of 1882, perhaps his most eiuluring coin- position. I'opuhir as he was in Itiily, Gioconda was the only work of his that found favor abroad. He wrote many ballets and orchestral suites, and durin-r the time he was maestro of the I'iacenza Cathedral (1881-80) wrote con- siderable sacred music. POND, Frederick Eigexe (1856—). An American author and editor, born in Paclrwaukee, Wis. He frequently' wrote under the pseudonym Will WiUhvood. lroni the beginning of his journalistic career he devoted his attention to sporting matters, the protection of game, and the like. For five vears he was field editor of the New York Turf', Field and Farm (ISSl-Sli), and continued to be corresponding editor of the same after it had absorbed his year-old ll'i7(/- wood's Ma<ia::ine (1888-8!!). Besides editing sev- eral sporting works and contril>uting to ency- clopipdias, be wrote a Handbook for Younij Sportsmen (1876) ; Memoirs of Fminent Sports- men (1878) : and The Gun Trial and Field Trial Beeords of Ameriea (1883). POND, James Bvrtox (1838-1003). An American lecture manager, born in Cuba, Al- legany County. X. Y., and brought up in Lake County, 111., and Fond du Lac County, Wis. He was a journeyman printer in 1856, and for a time lived with John Brown in Kansas, and was typesetter to the Herald of Freedom. In 185',l he joined the first settlers of Denver, Col. Then for two years he edited the Markesan Journal, a Wisconsin weekly, and in ISIil volunteered in the Third Wisconsin Cavalry, with which he did border duty in Kansas and ilissouri. Cap- tain Pond was one of the seventeen survivors out of one hundred and eighteen treacherously surprised and shot by Quantrell at Baxter Springs in 1863. and at the close of the war received the rank of major. From 1S65 to 1S73 he was in business in the West, and then settled in Boston, where he bought the Kedpatb Lyceum Bureau. In 1870 he removed to Xew York City, where he established the .American Lecture Bureau. Major Pond managed the tours of many great lecturers, especially Henry Ward Beceher, as well as Emerson. Sumner. Phillips. Gough, Talmage, Xast, Mrs. Livcrmore. George Kennan, JIark Twain, and. among Englishnu'n, Canon Kingsley. H. M. Stanley, ^Matthew Arnold, Ian Maclaren, . thony Hope, and Conan Doyle. He wrote .1 Snmmer in England irith Henry ^yard Beerhcr (1886) and Eceenlricities of Genius (1000). POND, .Jon. X (1767-1836). An English astron- omer, born in London. At sixteen he entered Trinity College. Cambridge, but was compelled to leave on account of ilL health, and spent sev- eral years abroad. At his return he settled at Westiiury. near Bristol, and erected there an altazimuth instrument 2'(; feet in diameter. His observations by this, submitted to the Royal Society in a paper "Chi the Declinations" of Some of the Principal Fixed Stars" (1806), showed that the Greenwich quadrant bad changed its form and that a reequipment of the Royal Observatory was necessary. In 1811 be was appointed Astronomer Royal. In this capacity he eflected a reform of the national observatory and procured for it modern instruments. By the si.-foot nuiral circle mounted in 1812, he catalogued the north polar distances of 84 stars. He introduced the use of the mercury horizon as a substitute for the plumb-line and spirit level, and the method of observing the same object alternately by direct and rellccted vision. I'ond was also the inventor of llie method of observing in groups and the multi|)lication method. He also showed the unreality of the parallaxes of certain stars observed by IJrinkley. He was awarded the Lalande prize in 1817 and the Copley medal in 1823. He was a member of the Board of Longitude, and superintended the issuing of the yautieal Almanac, 1832-33. In 1833 be conpleted a standard catalogue of 1113 stars. His scientific contributions apjiearcd in the Trans<ietions of the Royal Astronomical So- ciety and the Royal Society. He also translated Laplace, Siistrnic du mondc (1800). PONDICHEERY, pon'di-sher're, or PONDI- CHERRI I Fr. PONDICHERY, pO.'d.*'shi'n'.'). The capital of the Frencli possessions in India. It has a territory of 115 square miles, which is surrounded by the British district of South Ar- cot. in the Province of Madras. The city is situ- ated on the Coromandel Coast, in 11° 56' north latitude and 70° 50' east longitude, 88 miles south of iladras, with which it has railway comnumication (Map: India. D 6). The terri- tory of Pondicherry is divided into four districts, ami comprises a large number of villages. The population of the town of Pondicherry in 1001 was 47.072 : the population of the territory is about 180,000. The town stands on a sandy plain, and is divided by a canal into a Euro- pean and a native town. Around a handsome square are grouped the Ciovcrnor-Gencral's res- idence, the Catliolic Cathedral, the Hotel de Ville, and the Bazaar. The Governor of Pondi- chern" is Governor-General of the French posses- sions in India. The town has a European col- lege and an Indian school. The' open road- stead is defended by a citadel, and possesses a lighthouse. There is an iron pier over 45ft feet long, and near its entrance are interest- ing monuments, including a statue of Dupleix (q.v.). An active import and export trade is carried on. the principal exports being cotton manufactures, rice, nuts, and hides. The spin- ning and weaving of cotton is the chief in- dustry. History. The first settlement of the French in India was at Surat in 1668. The chief of the French East India Company at that time was Carou. Subsequently he took Trincomali from the Dutch, but they were not long in repossess- ing themselves of it; Carou then turned to the Coromandel Coast. In 1672 he took from the Dutch S.To Tliom<!, a Portuguese town ( now a suburb of iladras) ; but two 3-ears later the Dutch retook this place also. It was then that Francois ilartin collected about sixty French- men and settled them in Pondicherry, which, in 1674, he had purchased, with the surrounding territory, from a lieutenant of Sivaji. the gnat Mahratta conqueror. The Dutch took the town in 1603; but by the Treaty of Ryswick it was restored to the French in 1607. Cliandcnuigar, on the Hiigli. was ceded to the French in 1688 by Aurungzebe. In 1727 they obtained the ces- sion of ^iahe, on the Malabar coast; in 1739
