POOLE. 241 POOLING. Quiddy, or Sheer Industry (3 vols.) ; Sketches and Recollections (2 vols.) ; and ViUage School Improved, or Parish Education. The unfailing flash of his wit and the ori<;iiiality of his ideas secured for his works a popularity which some of them still retain. In his old age he received, chiefly through the influence of Charles Dickens, a pension of £100 from the civil list. POOLE, or POLE, Matthew (1624-79). An Knf.'lisli biblical scholar, born in York and educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge. After taking the degree of B.A. in 1649 he became rec- tor of Saint; Michael-le-Queme, London. A stanch Presbyterian, he resigned his living on the passage of the Uniformity Act (1662). Hav- ing a small but independent income, he was now alile to devote himself to his great undertaking. Synopsis Criticorum Aliorumque Sacra' Scrip- liircp hiterpretuin (.5 vols.. 1669-76) . This Latin work, which busied him for ten years, is a sum- mary of the critical labors of Kabbinic and Koman Catliolic commentators, but contains little from Calvin and nothing from Luther. Poole also began a synopsis in English, called Annota- tions vpon the Holy Bible. Two volumes, reach- ing Isaiah Iviii.. appeared in 1683-8.5. The work was continued by others (last edition, 3 vols., 1840). Frightened by the Popish plot — for Titus Gates, on account of Poole's tract on the Xiillity of the Romish Faith, had represented him as marked for assassination (1678) — Poole left England and passed his last years at Amsterdam. POOLE, Reginald Laxe (1857—). An Eng- lisli historian, born in London, and educated at Balliol and Wadhani colleges, Oxford, and at the University of Leipzig. In 1880 he became assistant in the department of manuscripts in the British iluseum. Upon the establishment of the Enylish Historical Review in 1885, he was appointed an assistant editor, and after- wards acted as joint editor with C^ardiner. and then as sole editor. He was appointed lecturer in modem history at .Jesus College in 1886. and was long lecturer on diplomatics in Oxford Uni- versity. Poole contributed largely to the En- cyclopwdia Britannica. and to the Dictionary of y'ational Bio'jraphy. especially on subjects in mediajval history and on music; wrote The Huqnenots of the Dispersion (1880); Sebastian Bnrh (1882); Illustrations of the History of Mediwval Thought (1884): and Wycliffe and Movements for Reform (I8S9); and edited the catalogues of coins in the British Museum : Wiclif's De Civili Dofiinio (1885) and De Dominio Divino (1890) : an Historical Atlas of Modern Europe (1897-1902) : and. with M. Bate- son. Bale's Index Britannice Scriptorum (1902). POOLE, Reginald STr..RT (18.32-95). An English Egyptologist, horn in London. He was educated in Cairo by his uncle. Edward William Lane : became assistant in the department of antiquities in the British Museum in 1852; was soon transferred to the department of coins and medals, of which he became keeper in 1870; as- sisted Amelia B. Edwards in establishing the Eg>7)t Exploration Fimd ; lectured to the Royal Academy students in 1883-85: and in 1889 be- came professor of archaeology in London Uni- versity College. He wrote nmch concerning Greek and Oriental coins during his connection with the British Museum : contributed to Smith's Bible Dictionary and to the Encyclopadia Britan- nica; and wrote the descriptive parts of Firth's Views in Egypt. POOLE, Staxlet Lane. See Lane-Poole. POOLE, Willlvm Fbedebick (1821-94). An American liljrarian. He was born in Salem, Mass., and graduated at Yale in 1849. While at college he was librarian of the Brothers in Unity Society Library, and in his junior year compiled the first edition of his Index to Peri- odicals. He was librarian of the Boston Mer- cantile Library, 1852-56; then became librarian of the Athena?um, where be remained thirteen years, becoming well knowTi as one of the lead- ing librarians of the country. He was in charge of the Cincinnati Public Library in 1869-73; of the Chicago Public Library in 1873-87 ; and of the Xewberry Library, Chicago, from 1887 till his death. Dr. Poole was most widely known for his admirable Index to Periodical Literature, of which he published enlarged editions in 1853 and in 1882. The later edition and several sup- jjlements have been compiled by the cooperation of many American librarians, and other volumes have been edited by W. J. Fletcher, librarian of Amherst College. Dr. Poole was mucli interested in the study of American history, and in 1887 was elected president of the American Historical Association. His writings include: The Battle of the Dictionaries (1856): Websteriati Or- thography (1857); Cotton Mather and Salem Witchcraft (1869); and Anti-Slavery Before ISOO ( 1887 ) . He organized the Bronson Li- brary, at Waterbury, Conn. (1869); the Athe- noeum Libraiy at Saint .lohnsbury, Vt. ; and the library of the United States Xaval Academy. POOLING (from pool, from Fr. poule, pool, stakes, hen, from ML. pulla. hen, from Lat. pul- lus, young animal, chicken). A division of busi- ness or of the proceeds of business among other- wise competing carriers or other parties, intended to minimize the efTects of competition by main- taining rates. Pools may be divided into four classes; a division of traffic may be either (1) a division of the field, where the business of a particular territory is assigned to each com- petitor, or (2) a tonnage pool, where a certain percentage of the competitive business is as- signed to each. A divi.s-io}i of revenue may be either a (3) gross or (4) net money pool, according to whether it is based upon gross or net receipts. A net money pool almost neces- sarily involves a system of joint accounting, and is therefore a close form of combination. Railway pooling became a matter of impor- tance in England about 18.50. but its origin is obscure. The first railway pools in the United States were probably among the Xew England railways, but it was in the West that pooling first became a matter of public importance. Both freight and passenger traffic between Chi- cago and Omaha were pooled in 1870, and the arrangement remained in force, with but one short interruption, for 17 years, the pool being merged in 1884 in the Western Freight Associ- ation. The principal roads carrying anthracite coal to the Atlantic seaboard, which also owned about 75 per cent, of the anthracite coal fields, had an efi'ective pooling arrangement from 1872 imtil 1876. In 187,3 the roads from At- lanta to the coast formed a pool out of which afterwards grew the strong Southern Railway and Steamship Association. The lines from C!hi-
