PORTUGUESE-BRAZILIAN. 289 PORTUGUESE EAST AFRICA. Tenreiro (ITU'J-lSll) imitated Horace iu his odes. (3) From about 1800 to about 1840. The fetters of Classicism were now slialcen off by cer- tain writers wlio advocated a wider use of Chris- tian elements in poetic composition. Among them were Antonio Pereira de Sousa Caldas (1762- 1814), known for his verse translation of the Psalms, etc.; Frei Francisco de Sao Carlos (1763- 1829), author of the excellent epic, A Assuntpfdo da t<antissima Virgein; and .Jose Eloy Ottoni (1764-1851), who made metrical versions of the Book of .Jol), of Proverbs, and of the Psalms. Al- though their enduring fame is rather that of statesmen and scientists, Jose Bonifacio de An- drada e Silva (1763-1838: patriotic and political odes, etc.), Francisco Vilella Barbosa, Marquis of Paranagiul (1769-1846, love lyrics), and the Viscount da Pedra Branca (1783-1855) deserve to be mentioned here. Mythology and poetical meta- morphosing mark the verse of Januario da Cunha Barboza (1780-1846; poem O yicteroi/) , of Sil- verio da Paraopeba (Fuhtiln do Morro do Ra- mos), and of Santos Titara (epic Paraguas.ni) . Barboza edited the Faniaso brasileiro, the first important anthologj^ of Brazilian verse. Note- worthy prose was written by the eloquent Fran- ciscan preacher Francisco do Monte Alverne, whose family name was de Carvalho ( 1784-1858) . The Maa:imas, Pensaiiienlos e ReftexOes of Pereira da Fonseca, Marquis of Marica (1773-1848), and the Diccionario da liiif/iia j>ortugiieza (1789) and the Epitome da yrainmalica portugueza (1802) of Antonio de Moraes e Silva are important. (4) Since 1840. With an enlightened monarch like Dom Pedro II. in power, letters and science grew stronger; the Emperor himself was a scientist of no mean ability, and he was a munif- icent patron of authors. The Romantic move- ment came to arouse the Brazilians to a still higher estimate of the part that the emancipated individual can play in the creation of a noble native literature. The triumph of the romantic ideas and the consciousness of national independ- ence are signall.y marked in all the poetry of Domingos Jose Goncalves de ^lagalhaes. Viscount of Araguay (1811-1882). His'beautiful lyrics, mostly elegiac in tone, may be judged by those contained in the collections entitled Suspiros pocticos e Huudades, Os }[i/sterios, and Vrania; the poem Napoleao cm Waterloo is deemed the best of all. Magalhaes succeeds even better in his epic, for his Confederarao dos Tamajios, cele- brating in unrhymed hendecasyllable the strug- gles of certain Indian tribes against the Portu- guese invaders, is imperishable. His dramas, such as the Anton Jose and the Olgiato. are not so good. Of his scientific or philosophical prose there may be noted the Factos do espirito humano. Manoel de Araujo Porto-.legre (1806-79). skilled in painting and architecture, cultivated belles-lettres also, and. liesides composing sev- eral comedies, he enriched Brazilian literature with the idyllic and descriptive Brasilianas and the epic Colombo. Inspired by the Brasiliaiws, Antonio Goncalves Dias (1823-06) put forth three volumes of lyrics, viz. Primeiros cantos, flegundos cantos e sextilhas de Fr. Antao. and Vltimos cantos, as well as an epic, Os Tj/mbiras, and several tragedies iLeonor de Mendonca. lioab- dil. Beatrice Cenci. etc.). With Arauin and ,Toa- quim Manoel de Macedo (1820-82), he founded the influential literary- review Ouanabura. Mace- do, favorably known for his novels {lloreninha, etc. ) , tragedies ( O Cezo Cole, etc. ) , and vaude- villes, wrote the excellent lyrical and descrip- tive poem A Sehulosa. Manoel Odonio Mendes (1799-1864) is esteemed for his verse transla- tions of Homer and Vergil (Iliada, Odysse, En- eida, Georgicas) ; in his original poems pedan- try obscures his merits. Romantic tenets have generally been followed by Joaquim Nor- berto de Souza Silva (born 1820), an inde- fatigable writer (lyrical ilodula^oens poeticas, epico-ljric Batatas, Cantos epicos, tales, and a prose Bosquejo da historia da poesia brasileira which prefaces his Modulagoens) ; by Antonio Goncalves Texeira e Souza (1812-61; Cantieos lyricos, the idyllic and allegorical Tres dias de um noivado, and such novels as filho do pesca- dor, A Providencia, Maria, etc.) ; by Joaquim Jose Teixeira (apologues) ; by Pedro de Cala- sans; and by Silva Guimariles. The Bistoria geral do Brasil of Adolpho de Varnhagen shows talent. Of more recent times we can hardly speak as yet with sufficient critical retrospect. As every- where else, so in Brazil romantic doctrines have been swept away by a realistic movement. The change from an imperial to a republican form of government has also very naturally left its im- press upon current literary production. Foremost among the writers of the last three decades of the nineteenth century stands Sylvio Romero, a lyric poet (Cantos do fim do secttlo. Ultimas harpejos) and the author of critical works on ethnography, literary history, and philosophy. Out of many other forceful writers there need be cited here only the lyric poet Olavo Bilae and the novelists Verissimo, Alencar, and Taunay. Consult: Blake, Diccionario bibliographico hrazileiro (Rio de .Janeiro, 1883) ; Romero, His- toria da litteratiira brazileira (ib., 1888) ; Pin- heiro, Ctirso de litteratura nacional (ib., 1878) ; Wolf. Le Brcsil litfcraire (Berlin, 1863); Pereira da Silva, Parnaso brasileiro (Rio de Janeiro, 1832-48) ; id., Phitai^co brasileiro (ib., 1847 ; republished as Yaroes illustres do Brazil in 1858) ; J. Manoel de Macedo, Brazilian Bio- graphical Annual (Rio de Janeiro, 1876) ; Varn- hagen, FloriJcqio da poesia brazileira. (vols. i. and ii., Lisbon, 1850; vol. iii.. Madrid, 1853) ; F. A, Pereira. da Costa, Diccionario biographico dc Pernambucanos celebres (Rio de Janeiro, 1882) ; and various studies by Romero, viz. Estudos sobro a poesia popular do Brazil (Rio de Janeiro. 1888) , Cantos populares aconi panhados de introduccao e notas comparativas (Lisbon, 1883) ; Contos pop- ulares do Brazil (Lisbon, 1885), Vma esperieza, Os cantos e contos popnlaires do Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, 1887), PORTUGUESE EAST AFRICA, or :Moz.m- BIQUE. A colonial jiossossion of Portugal, on tlie eastern coast of Africa, bounded by German Ea.st Africa on the north, the Indian Ocean (mainly the Strait of Mozambique) on the east, Zululand on the south, and the Transvaal, Rhodesia, the Central Africa Protectorate, and Lake Nyassa on the west (Map : Africa, H G ) . Area. 310,000 square miles. Tlie coast is low and forms but few harbors. In the portion north of the Zambezi the country rises rapidly toward the west, where the Namuli Mountains form the principal mountain range of the colony and rise, in Xamuli Peak,
