PRONUNCIATION. 446 PRONUNCIATION. sound 01 e docs not liavt liii.' glide that is heard in a in Eujzlish, as in dati; and care should be takon not to pronounce a with this glide when that cliaracter is used in the respelling of foreign words in this book. In indicating the pronun- ciation of French, the cliaracter a is used both for the short and long quantity of this sound. In lrench final c unaccented is silent, and h is usually silent or is nuich obscured when it ends a syllable other than the last. It is also nearly silent in Portuguese when linal. In Rus- sian e is like t/c in yet when it follows d. t. I, or II, or when it is at the beginning of a syllable. In modern Greek it has the values of e in pet and of I in machine. t in French is like a in savior. t and fi in French are like o in cerate or e in there. E in Polish is like e in pet, nasalized. See Jf, below. E in Bohemian is like ye in yet. EAU in French is like o in no. See AU, above. EEUW in Dutch is like a in fate followed closely by (Dutch) w. See w, below. When the «■ is followed by an obscure" e the w has a more consonantal sound. EI in French is like a in cerate; in German. Butch, and Welsh, like i in ridr : and elsewhere it is generally a proper diphthong like ay in fuy. EIN in French = IN, below. EN in French =: an, above: in Portuguese it is like a in cerate, nasalized. See N, below. EiT in French and Dutch is nearly e in her, and equiv.ilent to 6, below; in German, like oi in hoil ; in modern Greek {representing ev), like er be- fore a vowel or sonant consonant, and like ef before a surd, eu is otherwise gcnerall}- a diph- thong composed of the sounds a and oo, more or less closely united. G is as g in go, get, in all the European lan- guages before a, o, or u; and also in Gennan whenever initial or followed by a vowel or liquid in the same syllable: in Swedish before «, or final after a vowel, or before c or i when short (except in gr) ; in Polish, before e and i ,• in Hun- garian always, except in oY. (See below.) Be- fore e, i, or y in French ( see ge, below ) , Span- ish, Portuguese, Rumanian, and Swedish (also in Swedish before « or 6 or after 7 or r at the end of a primitive word or syllable), it is equivalent to / (see .1, below) in the same language; in modern Greek it is like y in yes. Before e or i in Italian it is like ; in jet. In Dutch g regularly has the voiced sound of the German cit or final g. In German g also has a guttural sound, made between the back of the tongue and the soft palate, which may be voiced, as when medial after back vowels (a, o, « ) , ' or luivoiced, as w hen final after a, o, or u: and a fricative sound 7nade between the hard palate and the tongue, which may be similarly voiced, as when medial after front vowels (e, i, o, or i( ) , or unvoiced, as when final after e. i. o, ii, or a consonant. (See the Key to Pronunciation.) German ch is pro- nounced like g in these positions. GH is like g in game in Italian and Ruma- nian ; in Irish it is like h, more or less strongly aspirated. GLi in Italian when followed by a vowel has the sound of Vi in million: if no vowel follows, the usual sound of i (Italian) is also added. GN in French and Italian is like ni in union. See N and Nil, below. GU before e, i, or y is like g in go in French, unless followed by a consonant or e, when the u has its usual value; likewise in Spanish, unless the diaeresis is ])ut upon the u (ii), when the gu is as gic in Oirilt, as it is also before o, o, or u; and in Portuguese. In Italian gu is like gw in Guilt before all vowels. GY in Hungarian has the value of d followed by consonant i/. II in French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese is silent, or nearly so, except as it is considered in the various combinations ch, gh, III, nh, etc.; in German it is silent between two vowels in the same word, except when fol- lowed by ei; in East Indian words it is generally pronounced like h in hat, distinctly heard in all situations, as after 6, d, t, etc.; final h is often pronounced in Arabic and Persian names, prop- erly with a harshly aspirated sound not heard in English ; in Swedish h is silent before /. I is usually like i in pique or i in hit; and sometimes like e in set, as in -ling, -ding, in Danish names. IE is like ie in field always when final in French, and when medial in German, and before r in Dutch ; and often when final in German. lEN in French is as IN (see below) preceded by consonant y. IJ in Dutch is nearly as i in ride. IL final and ill medial in French are as y in yet, strongly jironounced when following a pro- nounced vowel, and elsewhere as i in pique followed by the y sound. Formerly the / was also heard, as in Eng. million, and this pronun- ciation is still adhered to by some. IM, IN, in French is a as in bat, nasalized. See N, below. J in German, Dutch (see u, above), Italian, Swedish, Xorwegian, Dani.sh, Hungarian, and Polish is like y in yet; in F^rench, Portuguese, and Rumanian it is like c in o;»rc; in Spanish, like a rough or strongly aspirated h (see X below) ; in the Philippine Islands it is often like .S'/i in .shun. K in Swedish before e, i, y, a, or ii in the same primitive syllable is almost like ch in church. KH in Oriental names is usually properly a harsh guttural aspirate: in Russian names, often like Gennan ch; in East Indian names, like separate Ic and li. See H. above. L in I'rench is as in English like, except after 1 (see IL, ILL, above) ; in Polish it is like ll in Spanish. See below. L in Polish resembles I in like, very strongly pronounced. Lii in Portuguese is like LL in Spanish. See below. LL in Spanish is like the l-y sound heard in Eng. million. In colonial or dialectic Spanish the I sound is sometimes not heard. In Ice- landic II is like dl in handlike; in Welsh, as i nearly as can be given in English equivalents, i like ihl or tl. LY' in Hungarian is like Spanish LL. See ' above. i M and N are practically always as in English, except when used as a velar )i. the ng sound fol- ■ lowing an ordinary nasalized vowel, or used merely to indicate by checking the escape of air through the mouth and forcing it strongly against the^soft palate.
