PUGNO. 535 PXJLCHERIA. from his father, a music teacher. At the age of six Kaoul competed with a large class of boys for entrance into the Paris Conservatory and headed the list of successful competitors. He graduated, taking the first prize, and also first prize in har- mony, in the counterpoint and fugue class of Ambroise Thomas. In 1806 he was appointed professor of piano at the Conservatory, and in 1897-98 he toured the United States with Ysaye, the famous violinist. He made a second concert tour in 1902. His compositions include an ora- torio. La resurrection de Lazare (1879); the comic operas yinetta (1882) and Le Sosie (1887) ; Le retour d'Vlisse (1889) ; operetta, La petite Poucette (1891); and many pianoforte pieces, vocal music, and chamber music. PUGREE, or PUGAREE (Hind, jtagri, tur- ban). A long, light-weight, silk or muslin cloth wound round the head-gear, or helmet, in tropical countries. As its origin indicates, it was first used by British soldiers serving in India, but is now part of the clothing equipment of all British soldiers ser-iiig abroad, and likewise of soldiers of all other nationalities sen'ing in tropical climates. PUISET, pwe-za'. or PTTDSEY, Hugh de (c.1125-95). An English Bishop of Durham and Earl of Northumberland, born in France, a nepliew of King Stephen. He came to England in his teens, became archdeacon to his uncle, Henry of Blois, and in 114.3, being appointed Treasurer of York, entered his long career in the ecclesiastical politics of the Xorth. In it he was greatly assisted by Adelaide de Percy, long his mistress. In 1153, after a bitter struggle, Hugli became Bishop of Durham ; but in tem- poral politics he took little part until 1174, when he attempted to join the rebellion against Henry II. With Richard's accession he came into new prominence because of his opposition to the King's nomination of Geoffrey for the Archi- episcopate of York, and because of his purchase of the Earldom of Northumberland. With Long- champs he had a long quarrel as to who should be chief justiciar and was finally worsted. Grad- ually he fell out with Richard also, and in 1194 found it good policy to surrender his earldom. His hope of repurchasing it was long bafiied by his old enemy, Geoffrey, and by Hugh Bardulf, who received the earldom. Puiset died on his way to negotiate with the King for his lost offices. He was a man of unusual ambition and ability. Durham and Northumberland made him one of the greatest princes of England. He built many castles and churches; he was a patron of Regi- nald of Durham, of Alan de Insulis, of Peter of Blois. and possiblv of Roger of Hoveden; and it was under his orders that the Boldon Buke or 'Durham Domesday Book,' edited by Greenwell (1S32). was drawn up. PUISNE (ptl'ne) JUDGES (OF. pmsne, Fr. ptiiiic, junior, from ML. postnatus, later-bom, from Lat. post, after -j- natiis, born, p.p. of na-sci, to be born). Associate judges of the King's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice of England, and other divisions of the High Court in Great Britain, and associate judges in India and other British colonies. The term puisne was first employed, on the permanent establishment of the Court of Common Pleas at Westminster, to designate the associate judges as distinguished from the Chief Justice, who presided over the court. Later the term was applied to the asso- ciate justices of the otlier courts, as the 'puisne judges of Queen's Bench Division' and 'puisne Barons of Exchequer.' At present in England the Lord Chief Justice presides over the K.ing'3 Bench Division, and serving with him are four- teen puisne judges. In India puisne judges pre- side in the courts of various cities and districts. The term is not employed in the United States, the word 'associate' being applied to the various justices of a court to distinguish them from the C'liief Justice. See Coubt. PUJOL, pu'zhol', Alexandbe Denis. See Abel de Pujol. PUKET, poo'ket', or Tonka. A Siamese port on Salang or Junkseylon Island, off the west coast of the Malay Peninsula. It is noted prin- cipally for its tin mines, the annual production being estimated at more than 2000 tons. Popu- lation, about 20,000. PUIiANGUT, pulan'ge, or Rio Gbande de iliNDANAO. Tlie largest river of the Philippine Archipelago. It rises near the north coast of ^lindanao and flows southward through a beautiful, fertile, and populous valley as far as Lake Liguasan, whence it turns northwest, and empties into the Bay of Illana, at Cotabato (Map: Philippine Islands, J 12). It is over 200 miles long, navigable 70 miles for vessels draw- ing 31/0 feet. PULASKI, poo-las'ke (Pol. Pulaicski, poo- lav'ske), Casimie (1748-79). A Polish soldier in the American Revolution. He was bom in Podolia, Poland, the son of Count Joseph Pu- lawski, who had a leading share in the organiza- tion of the Confederation of Bar in 1708. Casi- mir, who had had some military experience with the Duke of Courland, joined enthusiastically in the movement to liberate his country, and fought heroically in the unequal struggle against the Russians. He was accused, unjvistly it ap- pears, of complicity in the plot to abduct King Stanislas Poniatowski from Warsaw (1771), and in consequence was outlawed and deprived of his estates. Escaping to Turkey, he passed thence to France, where he was induced by Franklin and the French Ministry to assist the Americans against England. He arrived in Philadelphia in 1777, served first as a volunteer, and then, for his gallantry at the battle of Brandywine, was appointed Chief of Dragoons with tlie rank of brigadier-general. In 1778, with the sanction of Congress, he organized an independent corps of cavalry and light infantry. With this body, called Pulaski's Legion, he was ordered to South Carolina. He reached Charles- ton on May 9, 1779, and soon afterwards led an unsuccessful sortie against the British, under Prcvost, before the city. Later in the same year he commanded the French and American cavalry at the siege of Savannah, and during the attack of October 9th was mortally wounded, dying two days later on board the United States brig Wasp. Consult Sparks. "Life of Count Pulaski," in Sparks's American Biography. PULCHERIA, pul-ke'rT-a (c.399-453). A Byzantine empress and saint of the Greek Church. She was the oldest daughter of the Emperor Arcadius, and from early youth was noted for ability and piety. In 414 she became co-ruler with her brother, Theodosius, who was
