PURITANS. 558 PURPLE COLORS. recommend alterations in doctrine and Church government. (.See Cbeed.s and Confessions.) The result of its sessions was the preparation of an essentially Presbyterian Directory for Worship and form of discipline, of a Confession of Faith, and of two Catechis'ms. This Westminster Con- fession was accepted by the 'General Assembly' of the Church of Scotland in 1047 as its doctrinal standard, and approved, with some modifications, though not completely given the sanction of law, by the English Parliament in 1648. But, while the Westminster Assembly had been doing this work, the influence of anti-Presbyte- rian types of opposition to episcopacy had been growing in the army. The Presbyterian majority in Parliament and in the Westminster Assembly were as strongly insistent on uniformity and as opposed to toleration as the Anglican party had been. But the more radical religious thinkers represented in the army, who were grouped to- gether under the general name of 'Independents,' demanded by their very variety of opinion a certain measure of toleration, and the course of the struggle made the army the dominant force, for the time being, in English political life. The result was that the Presbyterian system was never fully established in England, and the West- minster Confession of Faith never obtained more than a limited recognition there. The forces of Puritanism were divided and Presbyterian Puri- tanism found it impossible to establish the prin- ciples which it desired to make controlling. Un- der the protectorship of Cromwell to his death, in 1058, the army's principle of partial toleration was dominant, but Cromwell's government, though enlightened and forceful, rested ulti- mately on the sword, and did not, therefore, en- joy the confidence of a majority of the people of England as a permanent system. His death left no efficient successor, and the restoration of the monarchy and with it Anglicanism was inevi- table. Attempts were made at adjustment by which the Presbyterian wing of Puritanism, at least, might be included in the Estal)lishment, and men like Richard Baxter labored to this end, but without success. Puritanism, instead of be- ing a party within the Church of England as it had thus far been, was driven outside that Church and made to assume the attitude of 'Dis- sent,' to the great spiritual loss of the English Establishment. In spite of the discussions of the previous twenty years, no considerable number of Englishmen had yet accepted the principle of toleration at the time of the Restoration, and the result was that the triumphant Anglican faction adopted a rigiu'ously persecuting policy toward Puritanism. Under the Act of Unifor- mity (q.v. ) all Puritans who would not wholly accept the Prayer Book were driven from their livings. Some two thousand ministers of Puritan sympathies are alleged to have been thus ex- cluded. Episcopal ordination was now made obligatory; and by the 'Conventicle Act' of 1004, any assembly of five or more persons not of the same family, for worship, was forbidden, save in conformity with the Church of England. The 'Five-Mile Act' of 1065 forbade all in holy or- ders who would not take oath never to attcmjit any alteration in the government of Church or State to continue to live within five miles of ■where they had exercised their ministry or of any English borough. Moved by the desire to favor Roman Catholi- cism, and anxious to gain, if possible, the sup- port of the Dissenters, James II. modified tliis repressive policy by issuing a Declaration of In- dulgence in 1687; but a permanent legal status was not acquired by Puritan Dissent until after the revolution which put William and Mary on the throne. The Toleration Act of 108!) gave to the evangelical dissenting bodies a permanent and recognized, if limited, freedom of worship and an established legal position. At the time of the Toleration Act about two-thirds of the Puritan Dissenters appear to have been Presby- terian in polit}' and one-third Congregational or Baptist. The fire and enthusiasm of the move- ment had been largely spent, but it still con- tinued a strong religious force, chiefly among the middle class of the population. During the course of the eighteenth century the Presljyterian wing of Puritanism became largely atl'ccted by Arian and Unitarian opinions, while the Congre- gational section was not so influenced to any marked extent. By the beginning of the nine- teenth century the Congregational wing was the largest, and the spiritual life of Puritanism had been greatly reenforced by the efl'ect of the Wesleyan movement. Its later history may be traced in the story of the religious bodies known as Presbyterian, Congregational, and Baptist. Outside of England, the chief effect of the Puri- tan movement is to be seen in the planting of New England and the development of its char- acteristic religious faith and ecclesiastical pol- ity. See Congregationalism. The literature of Puritanism is very extensive. The following volumes may be cited as of impor- tance in connection with its story: Calamy, Abridgment of Mr. Ba.rtrr's History of His Life and Times (London, 170'2; edited by Palmer as the ti on-Confortmst Memorial, London, 1775) ; Neal, History of the Puritans (London, I73'2; annotated editions by Toulmin, Bath, 1793-97; by Choules, New York, 1844) ; Brook, The Lives of the Puritans (London, 1813) ; Price, History of Protestant 'Non-Conformity in England (Lon- don, 1838) ; Marsden, History of the Early Puritans (London, 1853) ; id.. History of the Later Puritans (London, 1853) ; Hopkins, The Puritans (New York, 1859-01); Green. History of the Ennlish People, section "Puritan Eng- land" (London, 1874) ; Gardiner, The First Two StuartS' and the Puritan Reroliition (London, 1870 and 1888) ; id.. History of England from the Accession of James I., etc. (London, 1883 sqq.) ; Wakeman, The Church and the Puritans (Lon- don, 1887) ; Ellis, The Puritan Age and Rule in the Colony of the Massachusetts Bay (Boston, 1888) ; Campbell, The Puritan in Holland, Eng- land, and America (New York, 1892) ; Gregory, Puritanism in the Old World and in the New (London, 1890). PURPLE COLORS. Painters in oil and water colors produce the difl'erent shades of purple by the admixture of red and blue. Dyers obtain this color from various sources, all of which are curious and interesting. From a very early period, purple has been one of the most highly prized of all colors, and came to be the S3'mbol of imperial and royal power. Probably one great reason for this was the enormous cost of the only purple color known to the ancients, the Tyrian purple, which was obtained in minute quantities only from a Mediterranean species of
