QUARANTINE. 592 QUARRY. boards of health and similar local boards in cities, villages, and towns, prescribing how they shall be constituted and defining their i)0wers and duties. This power is usually conferred upon municipal corporations by the charter granted by the legis- lature or by general statute, but in the absence of such express authority, it cannot be implied as incident to the ordinary powers of the cor- poration. Conflict between the United States and State authorities is provided for by the terms of the Federal statutes (U. S. Rev. Stats., §4792; Eev. Stats., U. S. Sup., 1874-91, p. 1.57, c. 06. §.5) requiring customs, revenue, and other Federal ofhcers to observe State health and quarantine laws. Reasonable charges for quarantine serv- ices may be imposed upon a vessel under State authority, and there can be no recovery from the State or municipality for losses resulting from the quarantining or disinfecting of premises in- fected with contagious disease, where the method employed was proper and the use made of the premises was a necessary one, for the courts are generally liberal in construing empowering statutes. Further, a municipality cannot be held liable for an act of its health officer in wrongfully confining in quarantine a citizen reasonably believed to be afflicted with a conta- gious disease, since the act done is governmental in its character; but the officer may liecome per- sonally liable where he acted wrongfully or in excess of his duty. A carrier is protected from liability for non-deliver.y of goods or passengers where such act would be a violation of quaran- tine regulations. The iridoiv's quarantine was the term applied under the common law to her right to remain in the mansion house 40 days after her husband's death, during which time her dower should be admeasured and assigned. This right was guar- anteed by section 7 of the Magna Charta (spelled "Carta" in the original document), and has been perpetuated with various modifications in the statutes of the .several States. Consult the authorities referred to under Domestic Rela- Tiox.s ; Real Property. Consult: Parker and Worthington, Public Health and Hafety (1892) ; Baker, Laas Relatinri to QiKinintine (London, 1879); and the various statutes and regulations of the difl'erent State and municipal governments. QUAREGNON, ka'rp-nyoN'. A mining to^vn of Belgium, in the Province of Hainault, situated four miles west of Mons. There are large and im- portant coal mines and blast furnaces. Popula- tion, in 1890, 14,301; in 1900, 16,249. QUAR'ITCH, Bebnakd (1819-99). An Eng- lish bookseller, born at Worbis, in Prussian Sax- ony. He worked at the bookseller's trade in Nordhausen and Berlin and went to England in 1842. After serving in Bohn's publishing and bookselling shop and spending a year in JParis, he established himself in London as an English citizen in 1847. In 1800 he removed from Castle Street to larger quarters at 15 Piccadilly, his permanent stand. Throughout his life lie had made a specialty of Oriental literature, and he printed grammars in the Turkish. Persian, and Arabic languages, besides making a collection of Oriental manuscripts. Probably the best-known books from his press were the first four editions of FitzGerald's Omar Khayyam. (Sec FitzGer- ALD, Edward.) He was represented at all the book sales of importance in Europe and America, and thus acquired a great number of rare and costly works. The catalogues he issued from tiiue to time are invaluable to bibliographers. His first complete indexed catalogue appeared in 1800; this was followed by others as he continued to add to his stock. The most noteworthy of these are the great catalogue of 2395 pages (1880), the Biblioteca Xylographica, Tijpogra- phica, et Palceographica : Catalogue of Block Books and of Early Product ions of the Printing Press in All Countries, and a Hupplement of Manuscripts (1873), and the last he prepared, General Catalogue of Old Books and Manuscripts ( 1887-88, supplements 1894 and 1897) . Quaritch was especially interested in rare manuscripts; Shakespeareana, early English literature, Amer- icana, Bibles, and liturgies. He was one of the founders and first president (1878) of the cele- brated club, the Sette of Odd Volumes." Some of his lectures were printed for the "Sette" in 1883, 1885, 1880, 1887, 1889, 1890, 1891 and 1894. Consult: Wyman, B. Q., A Biographical and Bibliographical Fragment (London, 1880), and "Bernard Quaritch." in the Atlantic Monthly for June, 1900. QUARRY, QUARRYING (OF. quarriere, Fr. carriirc, from ML. quadruria, quarry, place where stones are squared, from Lat. quadratus, p.p. of quadrare, to square). The open excava- tion from which any useful stone is taken for building and engineering purposes is called a quarry ; the operations required to olitain rock in useful form from a quarry is called quarrying. (Quarrying processes are three in number, viz. by hand tools, by explosives, and by channeling and wedging. To understand the operations of the quarryman. it is necessary to bear in mind that all rocks belong to one or other of two great classes, namely, the stratified and the unstrati- fied. The former are sedimentary rocks, occur- rying in parallel beds or strata, and consist chiefly, in so far as we are at present concerned, of sandstone and limestone. Unstratified or igneous rocks, which include greenstone or whin- stone, granite, and porphyry, have no distinct bedding, that is, they do not lie in separate lay- ers. Roofing-slate is a stratified rock, but it splits into thinner laminae in the direction of its cleavage than in the direction of its bedding, the former being often at right angles to the latter. Granite and other igneous rocks have also a natural jointage or cleavage, although they are not stratified. Advantage is taken of these peculiarities in quarrying the different rocks, but in the main the systems adopted do not greatly differ. Hand tools alone may be successfully used for quarrying stone which exists in beds. The principal hand tools are the pick, the crowbar, the drill, hannner, wedge and plug, and feathers. With the drill- and hand hannuer a row of holes a few inches apart is drilled partly through the layer or stratum, perpendicular to its plane of stratification and along the line at which it is desired to break the stone. These holes are usually drilled from % in. to % i"- i" diameter. In each hole are placed a plug and two feathers. The plug is a narrow wedge with plane faces: the feathers are wedges flat on one side and rounded on the other. When a plug is placed between two feathers the three together will slip into a
