PIPE. 48 wound spirally to fuiin a tube, spiral joiuts bi'inj; boated lind welded by a maebiiif liaiiiiner ill one ease, ami lapped and riveted in the other. The .sections of ]>ipe thus made are joined in the trench. Steel pipes with longitudinal locking bar joints have been u.sed" extensively in Aus- tralia, the chief instance, as well as one of the most remarkable pipe lines in the world, bcin;,' the Coolrrardie pipe line, which is 328 miles long and 30 inches in diameter. Water is pumped 1 r^ 1 — ^^^s j— ( E M Cost Iron Pipe wi+ti Leod Joint. Lonqituainat Section. Cross :>ecfion. Cost Iron Pipe with flanged and BoHed Joint. Longitudina/ Secfion. Cross Section. Wrought Iron Pipe with Screw Joint. Longitudinal Section. Cross section. - .e'ed Steel Pipe. Longitud-nal Woo ( d 5+ave ^^ J^ -^ icngitudina! Securer C'cSit Section. Vitrified Clay Pipe. 0' K)' a" 30' |""|m,,i : 1 1 I JOINTS KOR PIPE OF VAItlOCS MATERIALS. through it to supply gold fields in the interior. 1313 feet above the source of supply. Tbe pipe is made by bending two plates to semicircular shape, and inserting their edges in steel bars ■with a groove on each side, then applying bea'y PIPE. pressure to both the plates and bars. The circu- lar joints are made with sleeves. The contract for the line was let in 18!)8. Cement Pipes and Co.NCHETtr Pipe.s are mold- ed from the materials named. (See Cement and Co.NCRETE. ) The cement pipe is made and shipped in sections. Concrele pipe is molded in place either by shifting abing a movable mold and core, or by means of molds or forms consist- ing of an inner and an outer shell, between which the concrete is packed. During the last part of the nineteenth century steel rods and steel nettings were built into concrete pipe to give it greater strengtli. Pipe .Joints may be grouped as calked, screwed, flange<l and bolted, .'ind riveted. The calked joints are used almost wholly for vitri- fied clay pi])e, other than drain tile, and are very largely used for cast-iron pipe. They are sometimes used for steel. Pipes with calked jiiiiits generally terminate in an enlarged, curved bell or socket at one end, and are either the siiiie size and shape as the main i)ipe at the other end. or 'have a projecting ring. This smaller end is known as the spigot or bell. .fter one piei;e of l)ipe has been inserted in an- other, the space between the hub and the socket is packed with lead or with cement, the lead gen- erally being used for cast-iron pipe. In place of a liub and socket, plain-ended pipe may be inserted in sleeves, or ])ipe of slightly larger diameter, and calked as described. Screwed joints are cIVccted by threading the outer ends of the pipes and screwing them into or onto some form of coupling, also ])rovided with screw threads. Flanged and bolted joints have a pro- jecting ring at each end, with holes drilled through it. parallel to the axis of the pipe. Bolts are inserted in these holes. B' using washers or packings of leather, rubber, or soft metal between the llanges, and by turning up the nuts on the bolts until they are tight, very tight joints can be made in this way. Riveted joints have been mentioned in the paragraph on riveted wrought iron and steel pipes. These joints, longitudinal as well as circumferential, may be made by lapping one edge over the other and riveting the two together: or the two metal edges may be butted against each other, a strap or band placed over the seam, and rivets inserted and beaded each side of the seam. The requisite strength of joints is secured by decreasing the s|)a(e between the rivets and by putting in two or three rows of the same. Bini.70GR.P]iY. The literature of the subject is scattered through the engineering papers, proceedings of engineering societies, and books on the applied arts employing pipe. A paper by Jesse Garrett on "Making Cast-iron Pipe" (Journal of Xew Knghmd IVofrr-iroris ^s.soc!V/- ^j'oii, Boston. September. 18!)0) contains some interesting historical matter relating to various kinds of pipes nsed to convey water, besides de- scril)ing briefly the manufacture of cast-iron pipe. The journal named contains much other material on the manufacture and uses of the various kinds of pipes. See also: Crane, "Early History of Gas Pipes" (Engineering Record, Xew York. July 8, 1803). for the wrought-iron pipe: various committee reports on Coating Cast Iron and Steel Pipes (Proceedings of American Society of JIunieipal Improvements, Allegheny,
