PIPE LINES. 50 PIPERIN. line from Lima, Oliio, to Cliiongo, eight inches in engines. The gas itself is generally used as fuel, diameter and some 205 miles long, which has but sometimes coal is used in order to liusbaivJ " ' the diminishing gas supijly. About 1900 some large gas engines, one of 1000 horse- power, were installed to operate the gas compressors. Where natural gas reaches a city under high pressure automatic pressure reducers arc em- since been dui>licated. Besides the National Transit l^onipany there were a dozen or so other companies in 18"!»2. In 1901 two companies con- trolled practically all the pipe line in the United States, but most of the mileage belonged to the National Transit Company. The e.lcnt of main, branch, and (ield pi|ies controlled by the Na- tional Transit Company (Standard Oil) has ployed to reduce the gas to a uniform prossiire of 10 to 50 jiounds before it enters the city dis- tributing mains. On each consumer's service been placed by a representative of the company pipe another reducing and regulating valve at as high as 35,000 miles. At river crossings the pipe is either carried on bridges or laid on and anchored to the bed of the stream. At the Hudson Kiver crossing a trunk line hud jirior to 180:J is anchored to two sets of heavy chains, parallel to and some 25 feet from the pii)e, held down by heavy weights. This line is inclosed in a second pipe. Across the salt marshes near New York the line is incased in concrete, to prevent corrosion. The first oil pipe line was laid in Russia in maintains a pressure of about one-half pound. lilBLlOGRAPIlY. Consult: Redwood (and olli- crs). Petroleum (London, 1890); Groves and Thorp, Chemical Tcchnolo;/;/, vol. ii., "Lighting" (New York, 1895) ; The Mineial Industry, vi>. ii. (New "ork, 189;i). For more detailed descrip- tions of particular oil fields and lines, see Pro- ceedings of the liritish Asfiociation for the Ad- vancement of Science (1885); and Enyinecring Xews (.Tune 13, 1885). For gas pipe lines a slight amount of additional information may be 1879 to reach a refinery at the so-called Black obtained from Vansier'a Mar/a::ine (February, Town of Baku. It was eight or nine miles Ion In or about 1895 there were 22 pijie lines in Russia, some of which were eight inches in diameter. In .July, 1900, a pipe line 143 miles long, from Mikhoilovo to liohem. was put in use. It is for refined oil only, from the Baku deposits, supplementing the railway over a section where transportation is dillicult. Pi:mp.s are required on the pijie lines, since these climb hills and mountains many hun- dred feet high. The pumps are of the high pres- sure, compound, condensing type, the later ones l)eing high duty. (See Pu.mi'sanu Fumiung jMa- ciilKKKY.) The head under which the pumps work may vary, of course, with the topography of the country tluimgli which the line is passing, but it is largely dependent on the friction alone in long lines of small ))ipe. Natiral tlA.s Pipe Lines are often similar to the wrought iron lines described above, but they are also composed of riveted steel plates, and even of cast iron. Another variation from the oil pipe lines is the size of the gas mains, 10 to 24 inches or more in diameter, instead of 4 to 8 inches. It is said that the Chinese used bamboo pipes for natural gas and that a wooden main 20 miles long was laid from a w'ell at West Brooklield, N. Y., to Kochestcr as earl,y as 1805, or thereabouts. The general utilization of nat- ural gas in the United States, and also the con- struction of gas pipe lines, followed the develop- ment of the i)etroleuni oil industiy. In 1872 gas was pi]ied to Titusville, Pa., through ' a 2-inch and a 31/, -inch iron pipe line, 5% miles long. In 1870 a G-inch main, 17 miles long, was laid to Sharpsburg, Pa., from the llarvev well, in But- ler Countv. The feeders to tile pipe lines are 2 to 2^<> inches in diameter. The main lines are 40 to 50 miles in length. The pressures in vari- ous fields originallv ran from 300 to 1000 pounds per square inch, but of late the.v have fallen off, year by year, until in many cases they are only a small fraction of the initial. 'Hiis has neces- sitated pUDiplnfl the <i<ifi. The first pumps were installed liy the People's Company, nf Pittsburg, Pa., in 1890. Now nearl.v ever.v companv sup- plying gas to the larger cities is compelled to pump in winter. The pumping is generall.v ef- fected by some standard form of air compressor. 1898) See Gas, Natural; Pipe; Petboleim. PIPER. A fish of the North Atlantic coast, one of the gurnards ( Triijln- hjrn ) , which reaches three or four pounds in weight and is delicate food. PIP'ERA'CEJE ( Neo-Lat. nom. pi., from Lat. piper, pepper), TiiE I'EPPEB FAMILY. A natural order of about 1000 species of dicotyledonous shrubs (a few almost trees) and herbs (some climbing), natives almost exclusivel,y of the hot- test parts of the globe, particularly of Asia and America. None of them are found in cold re- gions. Most of the species are called pepper, Init some are also known by other names, par- ticularly those of which the fruit is not used as a spice, I)iit of which some part is otherwise em- plo.ved as betel, cubebs, matico, and ava. Pepper (q.v. ) is the most important product of the order. The chief genera are Piper and Pcpero- mia. PIPER'AZINE, known also as Dietiiyle.ne- Dia.mi.ne, IvniYLEMMiXE, Pipebazidixe, and Di- spermine. a coni])ound formed b,y the. action of ammonia upon etliylene bromide or chloride. Its formula is C,HioNj. It is also produced by the interaction of ethylene bromide and aniline upon the addition of a solution of potassinm hy- droxide, forming di-phenyl-piperazine. By treat- ment of this with sulphuric or nitric acid anil, distillation with alkalies piperazine is i)roduced. It appears as white, odorless, tasteless, deliques- cent crystals which are freely soluble in water. Its use in gout and the uric acid diathesis de- pends upon its property of uniting with uric acid to form a verv soluble compound which is excreted in the urine instead of forming calculi in the kidney. Its use in connection with these seems to be proph.vlactic, as its claims 1o a solvent effect U])on concretions already formed have been exaggerated. PIP'ERIN (from Lat. piper, pepper), C,;H,„N05. A weak basic substance found in pepper. It may be obtained by heiiting powdered pepper with alcohol, in the form of colorless well-formed prisms, which are insoluble in cold water, but dissolve rcadil.y in aleobol and ether. On heating pipcrin with caustic potash solution, it breaks up driven by compound or triple expansion steam into piperic acid, CuHioO,, and a remarkable oily
