BAFFAELINO DEL GAKBO. fi47 RAFFLESIA. asjiisted in his work for the Chaiiel of ilinerva at Kome. In his earlier period lie was a promis- ing follower of his master, but he was not suffi- ciently gifted to adopt the High Renaissance, and finally degenerated into a mere craftsman. His chief works are an '"Altar-piece" in the gallery of Santa Maria Xuova, Florence (loOO); the ■'Coronation of the Virgin," Louvre; the "Resurrection," Florentine Academy : a "Madon- na," Church of Santo Spirito (1505); and two pictures of the "Virgin Enthroned" and "Madon- na and Child," in the Berlin Museum. A notable portrait of a "Young Man" is in the Layard Gal- lery at Venice. RAFFAELLI, ra'fa'M', Jean Francois (1850—). A French painter, sculptor, and etcher, born in Paris. He began his career as a singer, then studied art under GerOnie. and first exhibited in 1870. But he did not fully reveal himself until an exhibition of his works held in 1884, for which he wrote a catalogue. Etude des mouveme/its de I'art moderne ct du heau caracterisme. Though powerfully influenced by the impressionist movement and by the purely naturalistic school, he was like Degas rather an independent in his own methods. He is especially a student of character, and in his early works deals mostly with low life in the suburbs of Paris, often in winter. The back- ground.s are long straight roads, liordercil by slender trees, and the typical suburban buildings beneath a nielancholv lowering sky. An example -of this style is "The Old Convalescents" (1892, Luxembourg). Afterwards his range became wider, and his later works are more happily conceived. Spring takes the place of winter in delicate luminous landscapes, and he paints such pictures as the series of views of Xotre Dame, the "White Horse;" the charming portrait of his daugliter Germaine (1896) ; "Young Ciirl Regard- ing Herself in a Mirror" (1807) : "Portrait of Mile. Marie Louise" (1898); and "Young Ciirl with the Cornflower." Other pictures by him are "At Gonon's Foundry" (Lyons Museum) ; "Old Ragpicker" (Nantes Museum) : and the portrait of Edmond de Goncourt ( Nancy Mu- seum). His medium is generally oil or pastel, and he is the inventor of a new method of using solid oil tubes in painting, which has so far proved successful. His work as a sculptor in- cludes bas-reliefs, portraits, and character studies in plaster and bronze. His drawings were published in the Revue Illustrce, and as Types de Paris, and he is also an etcher of ability. In 1880 he received a gold medal at the L^niversal Exposition and the Legion of Honor. RAFFAELLINO, raf'fa-el-le'n6. The name conuiioiily applied to the Italian painter Raf- faello dal Colle (q.v. ). RAFFAELLO, ra'fa-el'16. See Raphael. RAFFET, ra'fa', AuorsTE (1804-60). A French litliographer, born in Paris. He was a pupil of Cabanel. then of Charlet. and afterwards he studied under Gros. His first drawings deal with the army of the Revolution and the First Empire. Each one of these pieces has Napoleon for the central figure, and of these "lis gro- gnaiont et le suivaient toujours" and the "Re- traite du bataillon sacre" are the best. In 1850 lie began his superb series on the siege of Rome. In these the draughtsmanship is remarkable. His imaginative subjects include "Revue nocturne," "Nemesis," and "Patriotcs de tous les pays, prenez garde a vous," all strong and eflectual pieces. His series of 1 10 lithographs, called Voyage dans la Russie m- ridionale et la Crimee (1833-49). show his talent m still another direc- tion. He was also a skillful portraitist. Con- sult: Bry. Raffet, sa vie et ses ceuvres (Paris, 1874) : and Curtis, Some ilasters in Lithography (New York, 1897). RAFFIA. See JrPATi Palm. RAFFLES, raff 'Iz, Thomas (1788-1863), An English Congiegationalist. He was born in Lon- don, was educated at Homcrton College ( 1805- 09), and preached in Liverpool with conspicuous success from 1812 to 1862. The cause of educa- tion of Nonconfoniiist ministers wa.s much in- debted to him, and he wrote several hymns, which have been much used. Consult his" biog- raphy by his son (London, 1864). RAFFLES, Sir Thomas Stamfobd (1781- 1820) . A British colonial administrator, born at sea oS the island of .Jamaica, on board the ship commanded by his father. At the age of fourteen he got employment in the East India House as an extra clerk. He soon attracted attention, and in 1805 received an assistant secretaiyship in Penang, mastered the Malay language on the voyage out, and in 1807 became secretary and registrar of the Recorder's Court, He visited Malacca and studied its resources and proceeded to Calcutta in 1810, where he came to the notice of Lord Jlinto, the Governor-General, through his contributions to the Asiatic Society. He accom- panied Lord Minto in the following year to Java, which, having been taken from the Dutch, became a British possession under Raffles as Lieutenant- Governor, and for five years he administered the affairs of the island with marked vigor, wisdom, and success. He abolished forced labor, regu- lated taxation, and remodeled the administra- tion of justice, while retaining the Dutch colonial laws. On the restoration of the island to the Dutch in 1816 he returned to England and published his great work on the History of Java in 1817. He was knighted, and by request visited Holland to advise with the King in regard to the policy to be pursued in Java. In 1818 he became Ciovernor of Benckulen in Sumatra, reor- ganized the colony, abolished slavery, established schools, and explored the interior on foot in company with Dr. .Joseph Arnold, discovering, among other things, the great fungus, measuring three feet across and weighing fifteen pounds, which is known by their names. Rafflesia Anioldi. Compelled by ill health to return home, he set sail in 1824. but the ship having caught fire, he lost everything, including his great natural his- torv collection, his manuscripts, drawings, and notes, valued at .$100,000. He reached Plymouth later in the same year, and died suddenly near London. His portrait is in the National Portrait Gallery, London. See his .1/emoi> by Lady Raffles, his second wife (London. 1830). RAFFLE'SIA. A genus of 8 or 10 species of plants of the small parasitic natural order Rafflesiacea". the visible parts of which consist merely of a flower. The species attack Cissus, making their appearance at first as hemispherical swellings of the bark of the root. and. after the bark has broken, rising in the form of a cabbage
