RAIN GAUGE. 676 RAI SANYO. mouth. These eddies carry away the smaller particles of rain or snow to a greater or less extent. On the average of all records that have been made in Europe and America and in all kinds of rain, the deficit of rain recorded by tlie gauge lias been found to increase in proportion to the square root of the altitude above ground. Consequently the correct rainfall can be approxi- mately determined if the observer notes the dif- ference between the catches of two or more sim- ilar gauges set at difl'erent altitudes above the ground. In 1S55 Joseph Henry, in 1875 F. E. Niplier, and in 1886 Wild and Boernstein described ap- pliances that largely annul the error due to the wind. Henry surrounded his gauge with a thin broad rim near the top, either horizontal or sloping downward; Xipher suwounded it with an umbelliform structure of wire gauze; Wild surrounded it with a closed board fence, but Boernstein placed a simple open board fence at ii distance of about two feet aroinid the gauge. When a gauge is set up within a shallow saucer- like depression in the ground, so that the mouth ■of the gauge is level with the earth beyond the edges of the pit, or when it is placed on the flat roof of a building and protected on all sides by a high balustrade, good measurements are also obtained. Most elaborate investigations into the peculiarities of rain gauges are published in the annual volumes of Symons's British lininfaU. For other special studies, see the works of Eastman, United States Naval Observatory; Hellmann, Berlin. 1890; Abbe, Washington, IS'ST and 1892; Boernstein, Saint Petersburg, 1890; E. Berg, Saint Petersburg, 1895. RAINIER, ra'ner, IMount, or Mount Taco- 3IA. One of the highest peaks of the United iStates, exceeded south of Alaska only by Jlount Whitney. It is a regular volcanic cone rising from the Cascade Range in the southwestern jiart of the State of Washington to a height of 10.000 feet above its immediate surroundings and 14,526 feet above the sea (Map: Washington, D 3). Although its crater still emits sulphurous fumes, it is to be regarded as extinct, since the deeply eroded slopes of the moimtain show that the last eruption must have occurred at a remote period. The lower slopes are densely forested, but the higher portion carries a series of fourteen glaciers, the largest in the United States south of Alaska. The ascent of the mountain is dif- ficult. RAINOLDS, ren'olz, or REYNOLDS, -ToH^f (1549-1607). An English biblical scholar. He •was born at Pinhoe, near Exeter. He graduated B.A. at Corpus Christi College. O.xford, in 1568, and became tutor to Richard Hooker. He was afterwards Greek teacher (1572-78). He took a prominent part in university affairs at Oxford and distinguislicd himself as a zealous Prot- estant. In 1593 he was made Dean of Lincoln, with the expectation that he should later ex- change offices with Dr. William Cole, president of Corpus Christi. This arrangement was car- ried out in 1598. and the college prospered greatly under his management. Rainolds's greatest distinction is the part he took in the Hampton Court Conference (q.v.) and his con- nection with the translation of the Bible. It was he Avho urged the necessity of the latter ■work upon tlie King, and lie occupied a promi- nent position among the translators; his com- pany was that to which the prophets w'ere as- signed. Rainolds's writings were numerous, many of them, Iiowever, not being published till after liis death. RAINS, ranz. George Washington ( 1817-98) . An American soldier and chemist, born in North Carolina. He graduated in 1842 at the United States Military Academy, and was an instructor there in 1844-46. He served in the Mexican War, was brevetted major for gallant condiut, and in 1849-50 fought against the Seminolcs. Promoted in 185G to be captain, he resigned in the same year and in 1861 entered the Confed- erate Army as colonel. He erected the Con- federate powder-mill at Augusta. Ga., and was promoted to be brigadier-general. From 1867 he was ])rofessor of chemistry and ]iharmacy in the University of Georgia, and until 1884 "was dean of the faculty. He published titcntn Poil- ahle Engines (1860); lludiiiientiirij Course of Aimh/liciil and Applied Chemistry (1872); and Chemical Qualitatii-e Analysis (1879). RAINS'FORD, William Stephen (1850—). An American clergyman of the Protestant Epis- copal Church. He was born at Dublin. Ireland, October 30, 1850. He took his degree at Saint John's College, Cambridge, in 1872, and was curate of Saint Giles's Church, Norwich. 1872- 76. He was very successful as an evangelist, and came to the United States in 1876 to take part in gospel-tent meetings in New York. Sub- sequently he conducted evangelistic services in other cities of the United States, in London, and Canada. From 1878 to 1882 he was at the Cathedral of Saint James, Toronto. In 1883 he became rector of Saint George's Church, New York. He published a volume of sermons ( 1887) ; Good Friday Meditations (1901); The lieason- ahleness of Faith and Other Addresses (1902). RAINY, ra'ni. Robert (1826—). A Scottish divine and scliolar, born at Glasgow, Januarv 1, 1826. Educated at Glasgow University ami at New College, Edinburgh, he became minister of the Free Church at Huntly in Abcrdeensliire ( 1851-54) and of the Free High Cluirch in Edin- burgh ( 1854-62). After serving for twelve years as professor of Church history, he was elected principal of New College (1874). In 1900 he was made moderator of the United Free Church Assembly. Among his publications are: Three Lectures on the Church of ficotUmd (1872; often reprinted) ; Derelopment of Christian Doctrine (1874); The Bible and Criticism (1878); The Epistle to the Philippians (1802); and I'rrsby- tcrianism, a Form of Church Life and Doctrine (1894). RAINY LAKE. A lake forming part of the boundary line l)etween Canada and the State of Mimiesota, and situated 160 miles west of Lake Superior (Map: Ontario, K 8). It is a very picturesque slieet of water, nearly 50 miles long and five miles in average breadth. Its surplus waters are drained into the Lake of the Woods (q.v.) by the Rainy River, which is about 100 miles in length, and the banks of which are covered with i>ine-forests. RAI SANYO, ri sSn'y* (1780-1833). A Japanese author and historian, who. in 1827. after sifting 6.50 native books in twenty years of continuous labor, published in 22 volumes his great work, the ?^ilion-Guaishi. It is written in Chinese and tells the story of the domination of
